Investigation of some biochemical and physiological parameters of genetically modified (transgenic)corn (Zea mays L.) seeds

Tez (Doktora) -- Giresun Üniversitesi. Kaynakça var.viii, 50 s. : tbl. ; 28 cm.Demirbaş: 0059175Bu çalışma, MON810 hattında pestisit üretimini aktive etmek için eklenen gen veya genlerin tanelerdeki besin bileşimine ve savunma mekanizmalarına olan etkilerini ayrıntılı bir şekilde araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Tohumlardaki toplam protein ve yağ içerikleri ile karbohidrat ve yağ asidi kompozisyonları belirlenmiştir. Prolin, toplam fenolik madde ve toplam flavonoid içeriği analiz edilmiştir. Modifikasyonun membran fosfolipidlerinin lipid peroksidasyonuna yol açma riski MDA tayini ile değerlendirilmiştir. Stresten kaynaklanan oksidatif hasara karşı savunmada yer alan bazı önemli antioksidan enzimlerin (SOD, POD, GR ve APX) aktiviteleri ölçülmüştür. Çalışma bulguları genetik müdahalenin mısır tanelerinin besin değerlerini ve antioksidan kapasitesini değiştirdiğini göstermiştir. GD ve kontrol grupları arasında incelenen parametreler bakımından önemli farklılıklar olduğu belirlenmiştir.This study aimed to investigate widely the effects of the gene or genes that inserted to activate the pesticide production in line MON810 to the nutritional composition and defence mechanisms in grains. Total protein and fat content besides carbohydrate and fatty acid composition were determined. Proline, total phenolic and total flavonoid content were analysed. The possible risk of lipid peroxidation of membrane lipids arises from the modification was evaluated by the means of MDA determination. Activities of some important enzymes (SOD, POD, APX and GR) involved in defence against oxidative damage caused by stress were measured. The findings of the study showed that the genetic modification alters the nutritional values and antioxidant capacity of maize kernels. Significant differences were determined between GM and control groups in terms of analysed parameters

Altitude Triggers Some Biochemical Adaptations of Polygonum cognatum Meissn. Plants

Madimak is a local name of Polygonum cognatum which is known as a nutrient- and phenolic-rich edible plant in Turkish traditional cuisine. Knotweed (madimak) is usually found in both agricultural and non-agricultural areas at different altitudes from 720 to 3000 meters. This study aimed to investigate some biochemical effects of altitude in knotweed plants. Knotweed leaf samples collected from two different elevations (1656 and 1170 meters) of mountainous regions of Şebinkarahisar (Giresun, Turkey) at optimum vegetation stage. The total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were determined in fresh leaves while the total flavonoid amount, proline and the total soluble sugar contents in dried leaf samples spectrophotometrically. The proline and the total flavonoid contents were more abundant whereas the amounts of soluble sugars, the total chlorophyll and carotenoids decreased at higher altitude plants. Altitudinal gradient affects the important parameters in the biochemistry of knotweed.  Especially, owing to the flavonoid-rich content, higher located knotweed could be defined as a functional food

PSII Photochemistry and Antioxidant Responses of a Chickpea Variety Exposed to Drought

The effect of drought on the chickpea variety ILC 3279 was investigated at the vegetative stage. After 20 days from sowing, the plants subjected to drought stress for 3, 5 and 7 days imposed by withholding water were permitted to recover by rewatering for 2 days after 3, 5 and 7 days of drought. Shoot elongation, leaf production, fresh and dry biomass reduced while MDA and proline accumulation increased with extended duration of stress. The plants stressed for 3 days exhibited a rapid drop in their relative and absolute water contents. The quantum efficiency of PSII open centres in the dark-adapted and light-saturated state, excitation energy trapping of PSII and electron transport rate decreased significantly from the 5th day to the end of the drought treatments. Plants drought-stressed for 7 days brought about a marked increase in non-photochemical energy dissipation and a marked decline in photochemical quenching. After rewatering all chlorophyll a fluorescence characteristics except for FM completely recovered and reached the control values. Under 5 and 7 days of drought, the anthocyanin content increased gradually while the total chlorophyll content of leaves declined compared to the controls. The total carotenoid content remained unchanged during the experiments. The antioxidant enzyme response to drought treatments was quite variable. The total SOD activity upregulated with increasing duration of stress. On the other hand, the total APX activity was significantly higher only on the 7th day while the total POD activity increased from the 5th day. Differences in the total GR activity of treated groups were not statistically significant compared to their controls throughout the treatments. The present results indicate that the chickpea variety ILC 3279 withstands severe drought with its upregulated protective mechanisms at the vegetative stage

Variability in some biochemical and nutritional characteristics in desi and Turkish kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) types

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), the third most widely produced food legume in all over the world, is consumed for its protein-rich seeds especially in developing countries. According to seed morphology, cultivated chickpeas are of two types as desi and kabuli. There is a growing interest if extracts obtained from chickpea grains might be used as a source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials such as phenolic or flavonoid compounds. The objective of this work is to investigate the total phenolic, flavonoid and protein contents of a desi (ICC 3996) type and three kabuli (Seçkin, İnci and Hasanbey) types of chickpea seeds. Analyses were performed in extracts of 24 hours imbibed grains. The Folin Ciocalteu procedure was used to assess the total phenolic amounts while the total flavonoid content was measured with an aluminium chloride colorimetric assay. Total protein concentration was determined according to the Biuret method. Desi type exhibited the lowest protein content whereas İnci had the highest levels of total protein among kabuli types. Total phenolic content of desi type was significantly higher than other genotypes (P<0.05). Seçkin showed lower flavonoid content than all other genotypes including the desi type. The results revealed that despite Turkish genotypes were richer in protein level, desi type was still valuable for its high total phenolic and flavonoid amounts

Resveratrol ameliorates the physiological, biochemical, cytogenetic, and anatomical toxicities induced by copper(II) chloride exposure in Allium cepa L.

WOS: 000501135000018PubMed: 31808086Excessive copper (Cu) exposure ultimately results in toxicosis in all organisms. The protective potential of resveratrol compound against the CuCl2 toxicity was evaluated in Allium cepa L. root tip cells. For this aim, A. cepa bulbs were divided into six groups and the groups were treated with tap water, 400 mg/L resveratrol, 800 mg/L resveratrol, 20 mu M CuCl2, 400 mg/L resveratrol + 20 mu M CuCl2, and 800 mg/L resveratrol + 20 mu M CuCl2 solutions, respectively for 72 h. The first group irrigated with tap water was accepted as control. All groups were screened for the germination percentage, root elongation, total bulb weight gain, micronucleus (MN) frequency, mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations, and anatomical changes. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) level as an indicator of lipid peroxidation were investigated. It was found that CuCl2 exposure alone triggered a definite negative effects on all parameters examined. On the other hand, the groups treated with resveratrol did not have statistically different values compared to the control group. Resveratrol doses induced a remarkable recovery in growth parameters including germination percentage, root elongation, and total bulb weight gain when applied with CuCl2. In these groups, MN frequency, chromosomal aberrations, and anatomical abnormalities were alleviated, whereas the MI levels increased significantly. Moreover, lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant enzyme activities showed a marked amelioration when resveratrol and CuCl2 were applied together. Copper compounds have become common pollutants due to their direct uses as pesticides in agricultural areas as well as their spreading to natural areas from industrial fields. The study clearly demonstrated the therapeutic potential of resveratrol against the harmful effects of CuCl2 exposure in Allium roots. So, resveratrol could be considered as a plant-derived restorative agent for the reduction of the risks from the other copper compounds.Giresun University Scientific Research UnitGiresun University [FEN-BAP-A-15021920]The present study was supported by the Giresun University Scientific Research Unit (Project No. FEN-BAP-A-15021920)

Effects of Water Deficit Induced by PEG and NaCl on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars and Lines at Early Seedling Stages

The effects of water deficit induced by different osmotic potential levels [0 (control), -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa] of PEG 6000 and NaCl treatments on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars and lines at germination and early growth stages by sampling on 4th and 8th days of incubation consisting of 4 days each of dark and subsequent 16 hours illumination. All of these treatments affected germination percentages of all genotypes but PEG was more effective in inhibition than NaCl at the MPa levels tested. The experimental studies showed that all of the genotypes tested could be classified as tolerant, moderately tolerant and sensitive ones. But the tolerance levels were not found to be correlated directly with MPa levels applied, as Canıtez and ILC-3279 were tolerant to PEG, but ILC-3279 was sensitive to NaCl treatment. Within this context the classification can be summarized as below: PEG tolerant (Canıtez and ILC-3279), moderately tolerant (AkN 87, FLIP 87-59C, Gökçe and Uzunlu), sensitive (AkN 290 and ER 99). NaCl tolerant (Uzunlu and FLIP 87-59C), moderately tolerant (Gökçe, Canıtez, AkN 290 and AkN 87) and sensitive (ER 99 and ILC-3279)

Protective effects of anthocyanin-rich bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract against copper(II) chloride toxicity

WOS: 000514596300023PubMed: 31745808In this study, the protective effects of 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L doses of anthocyanin-rich bilberry extracts (ABE) against the toxicity caused by 20 mu M copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) on Allium cepa L. were investigated. Alterations in weight gain, germination percentage, and root elongation were evaluated as physiological parameters while micronucleus (MN), mitotic index (MI), and chromosomal abnormality (CA) frequency were studied as cytogenetic parameters. Oxidative stress indicators such as malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity were analyzed and also damages in root tip meristem cells were determined by cross sections. As a result, it was found that the percentage of germination, weight gain, root length, and MI decreased and the frequency of MN and CAs increased with CuCl2 treatment. CuCl2 exposure caused a significant increase in SOD and CAT activities and MDA levels. A number of anatomical abnormalities and damages were detected in the cross sections of CuCl2-treated roots. On the other hand, ABE applications ameliorated notably all copper-induced damages in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the powerful protective potential of ABE against copper-induced toxicity was proven through an extensive study in a popular plant model.Giresun University Scientific Research UnitGiresun University [FEN-BAP-A-150219-21

Risk assessment of oxidative stress and multiple toxicity induced by Etoxazole

Abstract Etoxazole is among the systemic pesticides with acaricidal and insecticidal characteristics. This paper reports the first evaluation of the toxic effects of Etoxazole on Allium cepa L. Etoxazole solutions were applied to three groups formed from A. cepa bulbs at 0.125 mL/L, 0.25 mL/L and 0.5 mL/L doses, respectively. The control group was treated with tap water throughout the experimental period. The toxic effects of Etoxazole became more apparent as the dose of Etoxazole was increased. The growth-limiting effect was most pronounced in the highest dose group with approximately 29%, 70% and 58.5% reductions in germination percentage, root elongation and weight gain, respectively. The genotoxic effect of Etoxazole was most severe in the 0.5 mL/L dose group. In this group, the mitotic index decreased by 30% compared to the control group, while the micronucleus frequency increased to 45.3 ± 3.74. The most observed aberrations were fragment, vagrant chromosome, sticky chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, bridge, reverse polarization and nucleus with vacuoles. The malondialdehyde level showed a gradual increase with increasing Etoxazole doses and reached 2.7 times that of the control group in the 0.5 mL/L Etoxazole applied group. Catalase and Superoxide dismutase activities increased in the groups exposed to 0.125 mL/L and 0.25 mL/L Etoxazole with dose dependence and decreased abruptly in the group treated with 0.5 mL/L Etoxazole. Etoxazole triggered meristematic cell damages, such as epidermis cell damage, thickening of cortex cell walls, flattened cell nucleus and indistinct transmission tissue. Considering the versatile toxicity induced by Etoxazole, we announce that this chemical has the potential to cause serious damage to non-target organisms. It should be noted that the higher the dose of exposure, the more severe the level of damage. This study will be an important reminder to limit the indiscriminate use of this highly risky agrochemical

Gene Technology and Plant Genetic Transformation Methods

Genetik mühendisliği uygulamaları tarla bitkilerinin modern moleküler ıslahında önemli biyoteknolojik araçlar haline gelmiştir. 1990lardan itibaren, bitki hücrelerine yabancı DNA'yı aktarmak için çeşitli yeni ve etkili genetik transformasyon yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir. Yaygın gen aktarma metodları genellikle doğrudan ve dolaylı transformasyon diye ayrılmaktadır. Her tekniğin belli avantajları ve dezavantajları olsa da, günümüzde transgenik bitkilerin üretimi birçok bitki türü için rutin bir süreç haline gelmiştir. Yine de, tekrarlanabilir bir transformasyon metodu elde edebilmek için ihmal edilmemesi gereken birçok önemli etken vardır. Bu çalışma transgen teknolojisini kısaca gözden geçirmeyi ve bitki genetik transformasyonu için günümüzde kullanılmakta olan metodları yeniden derlemeyi amaçlamaktadır.Genetic engineering applications have become important biotechnological tools in the modern molecular breeding of crops. Since 1990s, various new and efficient genetic transformation methods for delivering exogenous DNA to plant cells have been developed. Common gene insertion methods are usually divided into direct and indirect transformation. Despite each technique has certain advantages and disadvantages, production of transgenic plants has become a routine process for many plant species nowadays. Still, In order to obtain a reproducible transformation methodology, there are many important factors those should not be omitted.This workaims to overview the transgene technology and to review the currently used methods for plant genetic transformation

Yerfıstığı (arachis hypogaea l.) genotiplerinin bazı besinsel ve antioksidan parametreler bakımından değerlendirilmesi

The objective of this study was to investigate some nutritional andantioxidant parameters of six different peanut genotypes grown in Turkey.Unshelled seed extracts were used for analyses. The skins of the seeds were notpeeled. The crude protein and the crude oil amounts, fatty acid compositions, thetotal phenolic and flavonoid contents and the total antioxidant capacities wereinvestigated. The crude oil contents of seeds ranged from 43.9 to 45.9%. On theother hand, the crude protein contents varied between 26.9 and 30.6%. Thehighest protein percentage was determined in NC-7 seeds. The crude oil contentsof the genotypes were not different statistically. Oleic acid was the most plentifulfatty acid in all genotypes and followed by linoleic acid, palmitic, stearic andlinolenic acids, respectively. The highest oleic acid/linoleic acid ratio was found inNC-7 and DA35/2011. Data obtained from the total phenolic and the totalflavonoid analyses had similar manners for each genotype. NC-7 and DA35-2011were the poorest genotypes in the total phenolic and flavonoid levels. With regardsto the ABTS. radical scavenging activity, the most powerful genotypes wereGazipaşa and Sultan. Our study showed that the more phenolic content gave rise tothe more antioxidant capacity for each genotype.Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de yetiştirilen altı farklı yerfıstığı genotipininbazı besinsel ve antioksidan parametrelerini araştırmaktır. Analizler için kabuksuztohum özütleri kullanılmıştır. Tohumların iç kabukları soyulmamıştır. Ham proteinve ham yağ miktarları, yağ asidi kompozisyonları, toplam fenolik ve flavonoidiçerikleri ile toplam antioksidan kapasiteleri araştırılmıştır. Tohumların ham yağiçerikleri %43.9’dan %45.9’a kadar sıralanmıştır. Öte yandan, ham proteiniçerikleri %26.9 ile 30.6 arasında değişim göstermiştir. En yüksek protein yüzdesiNC-7 tohumlarında belirlenmiştir. Genotiplerin ham yağ içerikleri istatistikselolarak farklı değildi. Oleik asit tüm genotiplerde en çok bulunan yağ asidi olmuş vebunu sırasıyla linoleik asit, palmitik asit, stearik asit ve linolenik asit takip etmiştir.En yüksek oleik asit/linoleik asit oranı NC-7 ve DA35/2011’de gözlenmiştir.Toplam fenolik ve toplam flavonoid analizlerinden elde edilen veriler her birgenotip için benzerdir. NC-7 ve DA35-2011 toplam fenolik ve toplam flavonoidiçerikleri açısından en fakir genotiplerdir. ABTS. radikal süpürme aktivitesinegöre, en güçlü genotipler Gazipaşa ve Sultan’dır. Çalışmamız, daha fazla fenolikiçeriğin her bir genotip için daha fazla antioksidan kapasiteye yol açtığınıgöstermiştir