757 research outputs found
`Pure' Supernovae and Accelerated Expansion of the Universe
A special class of type Ia supernovae that is not subject to ordinary and
additional intragalactic gray absorption and chemical evolution has been
identified. Analysis of the Hubble diagrams constructed for these supernovae
confirms the accelerated expansion of the Universe irrespective of the chemical
evolution and possible gray absorption in galaxies.Comment: 2 figures, 1 tabl
A Study of Lyman-Alpha Quasar Absorbers in the Nearby Universe
Spectroscopy of ten quasars obtained with the Goddard High Resolution
Spectrograph (GHRS) of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is presented. A
clustering analysis reveals an excess of nearest neighbor line pairs on
velocity scales of 250-750 km/s at a 95-98% confidence level. The hypothesis
that the absorbers are randomly distributed in velocity space can be ruled out
at the 99.8% confidence level. No two-point correlation power is detected (xi <
1 with 95% confidence). Lyman-alpha absorbers have correlation amplitudes on
scales of 250-500 km/s at least 4-5 times smaller than the correlation
amplitude of bright galaxies. A detailed comparison between absorbers in nearby
galaxies is carried out on a limited subset of 11 Lyman- alpha absorbers where
the galaxy sample in a large contiguous volume is complete to M_B = -16.
Absorbers lie preferentially in regions of intermediate galaxy density but it
is often not possible to uniquely assign a galaxy counterpart to an absorber.
This sample provides no explicit support for the hypothesis that absorbers are
preferentially associated with the halos of luminous galaxies. We have made a
preliminary comparison of the absorption line properties and environments with
the results of hydrodynamic simulations. The results suggest that the
Lyman-alpha absorbers represent diffuse or shocked gas in the IGM that traces
the cosmic web of large scale structure. (abridged)Comment: 36 pages of text, 15 figures, 4 tables, 36 file
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π΅
The article describes application of models of information probabilistic situations for solving problems of traffic control on the railway. The content of situational control is revealed. The difference between a visual and a Β«blindΒ» situation during vehicleβs movement is shown.The information situation around a moving object can be deterministic and stochastic. The concept of a stochastic information control situation is introduced. The choice of alternatives in stochastic control situations is characterized by organizational, technological, and informational uncertainties.This motivates development of control methods and algorithms that consider uncertainty and multicriteria in control of moving objects in such situations. Situational control can be used in automated, cyber-physical and intelligent control.The article proposes a model for controlling mobile objects based on a probabilistic approach in a stochastic situation and on the consideration of a number of stochastic factors. The model is based on calculating the probability of existence of an obstacle in the path of a vehicle. Such a model can be used under the conditions of poor visibility and a probability of receiving erroneous information from sensors. The article gives a systematics of the probabilistic characteristics of a stochastic information situation accompanying a moving object. The application of dichotomous and oppositional analysis in studying obstacles on the route has been substantiated. The model for detecting a foreign object on a traffic route is based on the assumption of the presence of reliable and erroneous information. The analysis is based on DempsterβSchafer theory. The stochastic information situation model uses the probabilistic characteristics of the presence of an obstacle on the track. The probability of an objectβs existence is estimated using Bayesβ theorem. The proposed model considers three factors of the stochastic situation: informational uncertainty in the signal; false signals, sensor measurement error. The field of application of this situational model comprises digital railway, intelligent transport systems, transport cyber-physical systems.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π΅. Π Π°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Β«ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠΉΒ» ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°.ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΒ». ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ² Π² ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ-ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π² ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ. ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°βΠ¨Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π΅, Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ: ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π°, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ-ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
There are 1800 climate change laws around the world. In recent years, the rapid increase in carbon emissions has caused global warming and climate pollution, causing serious harm to social development and human health. Reducing carbon emissions is getting a lot of attention. Since the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, many countries have made efforts to reduce carbon emissions.The article describes the international processes intended to adopt regulations on greenhouse gas emissions, including the regulated market for quotas and the voluntary market for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The emphasis is on European and Russian quota mechanisms. The stages of development of transborder carbon regulation in the EU are highlighted. It is noted that in Russia, the leader in application of ESG criteria is JSC Russian Railways, as a company that is consistently pursuing the transition to implementing the principles of sustainable development.The conclusions on international trends in development of carbon regulation are followed by proposals on solutions regarding problematic aspects of the new Russian carbon legislation. According to the authors, the target scenario remains the transition to a new technological structure ensuring a real reducing the carbon footprint.Π ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ 1800 Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π» Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π½Π° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΠ‘. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ESG Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΠΠ Β«Π ΠΠΒ» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π°
Recording and light scattering on dynamic holographic gratings in Sr0.61Ba0.39Nb2O6: 0.002 wt.% CeO2 crystal
This work was supported by VolkswagenStiftung, Grant No. Az. 90.261 and Presidium RAS Program No. 5: βPhotonic technologies in probing inhomogeneous media and biological objectsβ
Π¦ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π°: ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version).ABSTRACT The article is devoted to the study of a digital railway as of a complex technical and technological system having a connection with the digital economy. The main technological components of the digital railway are shown. The principles of block management, principles of radio monitoring, interdependence of digital logistics and digital railway are described. The role of cyber physical systems in development of the digital railway, the prospects of digitalization in ensuring safe automation and seamless integration of all modes of transport are emphasized. Keywords: transport, management, digital railway, complex systems, digital economy, digital logistics, digital models, block management.Π’Π΅ΠΊΡΡ Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π». ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π». ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»Π΅ ΠΠΠ€ (Π°Π½Π³Π». Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ).Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°
Formation of Millisecond Pulsars from Accretion Induced Collapse and Constraints on Pulsar Gamma Ray Burst Models
We study accretion induced collapse of magnetized white dwarfs as an origin
of millisecond pulsars. We apply magnetized accretion disk models to the
pre-collapse accreting magnetic white dwarfs and calculate the white dwarf spin
evolution. If the pulsar magnetic field results solely from the flux-frozen
fossil white dwarf field, a typical millisecond pulsar is born with a field
strength . The uncertainty in the field strength is
mainly due to the uncertain physical parameters of the magnetized accretion
disk models. A simple correlation between the pulsar spin and the
magnetic field , , is
derived for a typical accretion rate \sim 5\times 10^{-8}M_{\sun}/yr. This
correlation remains valid for a wide pre-collapse physical conditions unless
the white dwarf spin and the binary orbit are synchronized prior to accretion
induced collapse. We critically examine the possibility of spin-orbit
synchronization in close binary systems. Using idealized homogeneous ellipsoid
models, we compute the electromagnetic and gravitational wave emission from the
millisecond pulsars and find that electromagnetic dipole emission remains
nearly constant while millisecond pulsars may spin up rather than spin down as
a result of gravitational wave emission. We also derive the physical conditions
under which electromagnetic emission from millisecond pulsars formed by
accretion induced collapse can be a source of cosmological gamma-ray bursts. We
find that relativistic beaming of gamma-ray emission and precession of
gamma-ray emitting jets are required unless the dipole magnetic field strengths
are G; such strong dipole fields are in excess of those allowed from
the accretion induced collapse formation process except in spin-orbit
synchronization.Comment: 36 pages, AASLATEX, 4 ps figures, Ap
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