The Stroop effect for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder

注意欠陥/多動性障害（Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ; AD/HD）および広汎性発達障害（Pervasive Developmental Disorder ; PDD)における干渉効果を検討することを目的とし、AD/HD群21名、PDD群23名、対照群101名を対象にストループテストを行い、Word Reading (WR)課題、Color Naming (CN)課題、Incongruent Color Naming (ICN)課題について評価した。対照群から得られた成績に95％の信頼区間を設け、AD/HD群およびPDD群の成績と比較した結果、AD/HD群においては大多数の症例が信頼区間の範囲内の成績を示した。一方、PDD群ではICN課題において23例中2例、ICN-CNにおいて23例中4例、ICN／CNにおいて23例中4例が95％信頼区間外の成績を示した。To clarify the interference effect in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), the Stroop test was performed with 21 children with AD/HD, 23 children with PDD and 101 normal subjects. Word reading, color naming (CN) and incongruent color naming (ICN) were measured, then, such indices as ICN-CN and ICN/CN as well as ICN scores were evaluated. Results obtained from children with AD/HD and PDD were compared with those from normal subjects applying the confidence interval of 95%. Most of the children with AD/HD were plotted within the range of 95% confidence interval. As for the PDD, 2 of 23 in ICN, 4 of 23 in ICN-CN and ICN/CN were plotted out of the 95% confidence interval. Further work on the characterization of the phenotype of PDD plotted out of the 95% confidence interval may aid in extending the clinical application of this test

Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications

A climate data record of global sea surface temperature (SST) spanning 1981–2016 has been developed from 4 × 10^12 satellite measurements of thermal infra-red radiance. The spatial area represented by pixel SST estimates is between 1 km^2 and 45 km^2. The mean density of good-quality observations is 13 km^−2 yr^−1. SST uncertainty is evaluated per datum, the median uncertainty for pixel SSTs being 0.18 K. Multi-annual observational stability relative to drifting buoy measurements is within 0.003 K yr^−1 of zero with high confidence, despite maximal independence from in situ SSTs over the latter two decades of the record. Data are provided at native resolution, gridded at 0.05° latitude-longitude resolution (individual sensors), and aggregated and gap-filled on a daily 0.05° grid. Skin SSTs, depth-adjusted SSTs de-aliased with respect to the diurnal cycle, and SST anomalies are provided. Target applications of the dataset include: climate and ocean model evaluation; quantification of marine change and variability (including marine heatwaves); climate and ocean-atmosphere processes; and specific applications in ocean ecology, oceanography and geophysics

神経心理学的検査を用いて評価した実行機能の発達的側面

Children with executive dysfunction may have a decreased quality of life. Neuropsychological tests include the Stroop test, Trail-making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Continuous Performance Test, and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test are administered to evaluate the above functions. To broaden the opportunities for clinical application,we have modified these tests to make them applicable to younger children and to obtain their standard values. The purpose of this research is to study the developmental aspects of these tests, focusing on the difference between the original method and the modified method. Index scores that reflected executive function were rapidly reduced until 9 to 11 years of age, and developments showed a deceleration during the adolescent period. This result was comparable with that of the index scores of the original tests. We also discussed the involvement of background neuronal maturation associated with developmental changes in these tests.実行機能の障害は、子どもの生活の質の低下につながる可能性があるため、Stroop Test,Trail Making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Continuous Performance Test,Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Testなどの神経心理学的検査を用いて同機能を適切に評価することが求められている。すでに我々は、これら検査の臨床応用の機会を広げるために、低年齢の子どもに運用が可能な短縮版を開発し成果の報告を行ってきた。本研究は、従来の方法と短縮化された方法との成績の違いに焦点を当て、これらのテストの発達的側面を研究することを目的とした。実行機能を反映した指標のスコアは、9歳から11歳まで急速に減少し、発達は青年期に減速傾向を示した。この結果は、従来の検査の指数スコアと同等であった。我々はまた、これらの検査指標における発達的変化と背景に存在するニューロン成熟課程との関連についても考察した

Usefulness of Combined Various Neuropsychological Tests for Assessing Difficulty of Visual Perception : A Case Report

発達障害をともなうことによって生じる困難は個人によって異なってくることから、個に応じた各種神経心理学的検査の適用を検討する必要がある。本論文では軽度知的障害、てんかんおよび注意欠陥/多動性障害をともない、さらに視覚認知の困難を主とした学習面での種々の困難を抱える一事例における神経心理学的評価とそれにもとづく支援の検討を行った。その結果、従来の標準的評価手法のみでは十分に捉えきれない要素に関する各種神経心理学的評価の重要性が示された

Importance of the mixed-phase cloud distribution in the control climate for assessing the response of clouds to carbon dioxide increase: a multi-model study

We have conducted a multi-model intercomparison of cloud-water in five state-of-the-art AGCMs run for control and doubled carbon dioxide climates. The most notable feature of the differences between the control and doubled carbon dioxide climates is in the distribution of cloud-water in the mixed-phase temperature band. The difference is greatest at mid and high latitudes. We found that the amount of cloud ice in the mixed phase layer in the control climate largely determines how much the cloud-water distribution changes for the doubled carbon dioxide climate. Therefore evaluation of the cloud ice distribution by comparison with data is important for future climate sensitivity studies. Cloud ice and cloud liquid both decrease in the layer below the melting layer, but only cloud liquid increases in the mixed-phase layer. Although the decrease in cloud-water below the melting layer occurs at all latitudes, the increase in cloud liquid in the mixed-phase layer is restricted to those latitudes where there is a large amount of cloud ice in the mixed-phase layer. If the cloud ice in the mixed-phase layer is concentrated at high latitudes, doubling of carbon dioxide might shift the center of cloud water distribution poleward which could decrease solar reflection because solar insolation is less at higher latitude. The magnitude of this poleward shift of cloud water appears to be larger for the higher climate sensitivity models, and it is consistent with the associated changes in cloud albedo forcing. For the control climate there is a clear relationship between the differences in cloud-water and relative humidity between the different models, for both magnitude and distribution. On the other hand the ratio of cloud ice to cloud-water follows the threshold temperature which is determined in each model. Improved measurements of relative humidity could be used to constrain the modeled representation of cloud water. At the same time, comparative analysis in global cloud resolving model simulations is necessary for further understanding of the relationships suggested in this paper.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45864/1/382_2006_Article_127.pd

tsussi/cfmip-diagnostics-code-repository: First release of the cfmip-diagnostics-code-repositories

This is the first release