Yet another resolution of the Gibbs paradox: an information theory approach

The ``Gibbs Paradox'' refers to several related questions concerning entropy in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics: whether it is an extensive quantity or not, how it changes when identical particles are mixed, and the proper way to count states in systems of identical particles. Several authors have recognized that the paradox is resolved once it is realized that there is no such thing as the entropy of a system, that there are many entropies, and that the choice between treating particles as being distinguishable or not depends on the resolution of the experiment. The purpose of this note is essentially pedagogical; we add to their analysis by examining the paradox from the point of view of information theory. Our argument is based on that `grouping' property of entropy that Shannon recognized, by including it among his axioms, as an essential requirement on any measure of information. Not only does it provide the right connection between different entropies but, in addition, it draws our attention to the obvious fact that addressing issues of distinguishability and of counting states requires a clear idea about what precisely do we mean by a state.Comment: Presented at MaxEnt 2001, the 21th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods (August 4-9, 2001, Baltimore, MD, USA

Maximum entropy approach to the theory of simple fluids

We explore the use of the method of Maximum Entropy (ME) as a technique to generate approximations. In a first use of the ME method the "exact" canonical probability distribution of a fluid is approximated by that of a fluid of hard spheres; ME is used to select an optimal value of the hard-sphere diameter. These results coincide with the results obtained using the Bogoliuvob variational method. A second more complete use of the ME method leads to a better descritption of the soft-core nature of the interatomic potential in terms of a statistical mixture of distributions corresponding to hard spheres of different diameters. As an example, the radial distribution function for a Lennard-Jones fluid (Argon) is compared with results from molecular dynamics simulations. There is a considerable improvement over the results obtained from the Bogoliuvob principle.Comment: 14 pages and 4 figures. Presented at MaxEnt 2003, the 23rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods (August 3-8, 2003, Jackson Hole, WY, USA

Identifying Biomagnetic Sources in the Brain by the Maximum Entropy Approach

Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) measurements record magnetic fields generated from neurons while information is being processed in the brain. The inverse problem of identifying sources of biomagnetic fields and deducing their intensities from MEG measurements is ill-posed when the number of field detectors is far less than the number of sources. This problem is less severe if there is already a reasonable prior knowledge in the form of a distribution in the intensity of source activation. In this case the problem of identifying and deducing source intensities may be transformed to one of using the MEG data to update a prior distribution to a posterior distribution. Here we report on some work done using the maximum entropy method (ME) as an updating tool. Specifically, we propose an implementation of the ME method in cases when the prior contain almost no knowledge of source activation. Two examples are studied, in which part of motor cortex is activated with uniform and varying intensities, respectively.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures. Presented at 25th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering, San Jose, CA, USA Aug 7-12, 200

An investigation of a nitrate reductase inhibitor in the roots of Zea mays.

Plant and Soil SciencesDoctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.

Development of Synthetic Pathways for Macrocyclic Acetylenes

A synthetic sequence was developed for the preparation of a diindeno-fused 4Hcyclopenta[def] phenanthrene derivative containing two bromo substituents as a potential building block for the construction of macrocyclic acetylenes. The synthetic sequence required the preparation of a benzannulated enediyne, 1-bromo-2-ethynyl-3-(2- phenylethynyl)benzene. The Sonogashira reaction between 1,3-dibromo-2-iodobenzene and (trimethylsilyl)ethyne produced I ,3-dibromo-2-[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]benzene. Metalhalogen exchange with n-butyllithium followed by iodination with iodine furnished 1-bromo- 3-iodo-2-[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]benzene. A second Sonogashira reaction with phenylethyne followed by desilylation then furnished 1-bromo-2-ethynyl-3-(2-phenylethynyl)benzene.;Treatment of an excess of 1-bromo-2-ethynyl-3-(2-phenylethynyl)benzene with lithium diisopropylamide followed by condensation with 2,2-dimethoxy-1 ,3-indandione furnished the corresponding propargylic diol as the major adduct and the corresponding mono-ol as the minor adduct. On exposure to thionyl chloride, the diol underwent a Schmittel cascade cyclization reaction to produce the diindeno-fused 4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene derivative containing two bromo substituents. The presence of the two bromo substituents provides handles for additional Sonogashira reactions for the construction of macrocyclic acetylenes

An investigation of some starch-hydrolyzing enzymes in apples.

Thesis (M.S.