A rare case of Eosinophilic Pneumonia in an infant patient and review of the current English literature regarding this disease

We report a case of eosinophilic pneumonia (EP) in an infant patient. Such cases are rare and the purpose of this study is to combine this case and the english literature available in order to expand our knowledge regarding the therapeutic strategies for this disease.Currently we can define a specific therapeutic guideline for patients with EP.It is important to expand our knowledge and experience regarding this ailment.More studies are needed to better understand this rare disease, to more precisely define diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and to find out and asses new treatment methods

Drug Eluding Stents for Malignant Airway Obstruction: A Critical Review of the Literature

Lung cancer being the most prevalent malignancy in men and the 3rd most frequent in women is still associated with dismal prognosis due to advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Novel targeted therapies are already on the market and several others are under investigation. However non-specific cytotoxic agents still remain the cornerstone of treatment for many patients. Central airways stenosis or obstruction may often complicate and decrease quality of life and survival of these patients. Interventional pulmonology modalities (mainly debulking and stent placement) can alleviate symptoms related to airways stenosis and improve the quality of life of patients. Mitomycin C and sirolimus have been observed to assist a successful stent placement by reducing granuloma tissue formation. Additionally, these drugs enhance the normal tissue ability against cancer cell infiltration. In this mini review we will concentrate on mitomycin C and sirolimus and their use in stent placement

Contribution to the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis with antioxidative and antiapoptotic drugs: experimental with rats

Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease with unknown etiology and unknown treatment. We wanted to confirm that erythropoietin as a substance with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties, is capable to protect the cells in pulmonary fibrosis. 50 male adult rats were used, which were divided into 5 groups. The first group did not receive any substance at all, the second group received NaCl 0.9% intratrachially and erythropoietin intraperitoneally and the fifth group received intratrachially NaCl 0.9% and intraperitoneally erythropoietin. The changes of the body weight, of the haematocrit and the EPO levels in serum were studied. Immunohistochemical staining of cyclooxygenase-2, iNOS, MMP-9, EPO-R and CYT-C were performed as well as histochemical staining with haematoxylin-eosin. All rats were sacrificed after 14 days. The expression of all enzymes was reduced after the erythropoietin administration that means that erythropoietin had a protective action on pulmonary fibrosis, given the fact that all the studied enzymes have inflammatory and apoptotic properties.Η πνευμονική ίνωση είναι μια νοσολογική οντότητα αγνώστου αιτιολογίας και αγνώστου θεραπείας. Στην παρούσα διατριβή θελήσαμε να διαπιστώσουμε εάν η ερυθροποιητίνη, ως ουσία με αντιοξειδωτικές, αντιφλεγμονώδεις και αντιαποπτωτικές ιδιότητες μπορεί να δράσει κυτταροπροστατευτικά στην πνευμονική ίνωση. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν 50 άρρενες ένηβοι επίμυες που χωρίστηκαν σε 5 ομάδες. Η πρώτη ομάδα δεν έλαβε καμία ουσία. Η δεύτερη ομάδα έλαβε ενδοτραχειακά κι ενδοπεριτοναϊκά φυσιολογικό ορό, η τρίτη ομάδα έλαβε ενδοτραχειακά μόνο μπλεομυκίνη, η τέταρτη έλαβε μπλεομυκίνη ενδοτραχειακά κι ερυθροποιητίνη ενδοπεριτοναϊκά, ενώ η Πέμπτη ομάδα έλαβε φυσιολογικό ορό ενδοτραχειακά και ερυθροποιητίνη ενδοπεριτοναϊκά. Μελετήθηκαν οι μεταβολές του σωματικού βάρους, του αιματοκρίτη και των επιπέδων της ερυθροποιητίνης στο ορό αίματος, έγιναν ανοσοϊστοχημικές χρώσεις για τη μελέτη έκφρασης γνωστών φλεγμονωδών οξειδωτικών και αποπτωτικών παραγόντων/κυκλοξυγενάσης-2, επαγώγιμη συνθάση του μονοξειδίου του αζώτου, μεταλλοπρωτεϊνάση-9, υποδοχέας ερυθροποιητίνης και κυτόχρωμα-C) καθώς και χρώση αιμοτοξυλίνης, εωσίνης. Σε όλα τα ένζυμα μειώθηκε η έκφραση τους όταν έλαβαν ερυθροποιητίνη. Άρα η ουσία έδρασε κυτταροπροστατευτικά στην πνευμονική ίνωση

Molecular and Immune Phenotypic Modifications during Metastatic Dissemination in Lung Carcinogenesis

The tumor microenvironment plays a key role in the progression of lung tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. Recent data reveal that disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) appear to play a key role in the development and progression of lung neoplasiaby driving immune system dysfunction and established immunosuppression, which is vital for evading the host immune response. As a consequence, in this review we will discuss the role and function of DTCs in immune cell signaling routes which trigger drug resistance and immunosuppression. We will also discuss the metabolic biology of DTCs, their dormancy, and their plasticity, which are critical for metastasis and drive lung tumor progression. Furthermore, we will consider the crosstalk between DTCs and myeloid cells in tumor-related immunosuppression. Specifically, we will investigate the molecular immune-related mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment that lead to decreased drug sensitivity and tumor relapse, along with strategies for reversing drug resistance and targeting immunosuppressive tumor networks. Deciphering these molecular mechanisms is essential for preclinical and clinical investigations in order to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, a better understanding of these immune cell signaling pathways that drive immune surveillance, immune-driven inflammation, and tumor-related immunosuppression is necessary for future personalized therapeutic approaches

Tumor-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells: Decisive Roles in Cancer Immunosurveillance, Immunoediting, and Tumor T Cell Tolerance

The tumor microenvironment plays a key role in progression of tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Accumulating data reveal that dendritic cells (DCs) appear to play a key role in the development and progression of metastatic neoplasia by driving immune system dysfunction and establishing immunosuppression, which is vital for tumor evasion of host immune response. Consequently, in this review, we will discuss the function of tumor-infiltrating DCs in immune cell signaling pathways that lead to treatment resistance, tumor recurrence, and immunosuppression. We will also review DC metabolism, differentiation, and plasticity, which are essential for metastasis and the development of lung tumors. Furthermore, we will take into account the interaction between myeloid cells and DCs in tumor-related immunosuppression. We will specifically look into the molecular immune-related mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment that result in reduced drug sensitivity and tumor relapse, as well as methods for combating drug resistance and focusing on immunosuppressive tumor networks. DCs play a crucial role in modulating the immune response. Especially, as cancer progresses, DCs may switch from playing an immunostimulatory to an inhibitory role. This article’s main emphasis is on tumor-infiltrating DCs. We address how they affect tumor growth and expansion, and we highlight innovative approaches for therapeutic modulation of these immunosuppressive DCs which is necessary for future personalized therapeutic approaches

Drug Eluting Stents for Malignant Airway Obstruction: A Critical Review of the Literature

Lung cancer being the most prevalent malignancy in men and the 3(rd) most frequent in women is still associated with dismal prognosis due to advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Novel targeted therapies are already on the market and several others are under investigation. However non-specific cytotoxic agents still remain the cornerstone of treatment for many patients. Central airways stenosis or obstruction may often complicate and decrease quality of life and survival of these patients. Interventional pulmonology modalities (mainly debulking and stent placement) can alleviate symptoms related to airways stenosis and improve the quality of life of patients. Mitomycin C and sirolimus have been observed to assist a successful stent placement by reducing granuloma tissue formation. Additionally, these drugs enhance the normal tissue ability against cancer cell infiltration. In this mini review we will concentrate on mitomycin C and sirolimus and their use in stent placement