Intrusion Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Classification Algorithms

In this paper we present the design and evaluation of intrusion detection models for MANETs using supervised classification algorithms. Specifically, we evaluate the performance of the MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP), the Linear classifier, the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), the Naive Bayes classifier and the Support Vector Machine (SVM). The performance of the classification algorithms is evaluated under different traffic conditions and mobility patterns for the Black Hole, Forging, Packet Dropping, and Flooding attacks. The results indicate that Support Vector Machines exhibit high accuracy for almost all simulated attacks and that Packet Dropping is the hardest attack to detect.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, presented at MedHocNet 200

The Hippocratic account of Mental Health: Humors and Human Temperament

Introduction: A quintessential element of Hippocratic medicine is treatment of mental diseases which was based on a detailed examination of the symptoms as well as the study of human physiology and final outcome of the diseases which is based on humoral theory. Purpose: The aim of the work is to highlight the contribution of Hippocrates to the study of mental illness based on his theory of humors Methodology: Our study consists of interpretations of the original text of Hippocrates including extensive observations of anatomy and physiology of human body based on humoral theory. Then the information was evaluated  on the basis of modern literature in order to establish their validity. A major limitation of the research is the  lack of a systemic methodology to screen the Hippocratic corpus for relevant passages which actually requires interdisciplinary research in order to determine which aspects of Hippocratic medicine can be developed. Results: In Corpus Hippocraticum, it is highlighting that maintaining a relative proportion of humors in human body (apart from maintaining health) regulates the human temperament and its behavioral manifestations. Hippocrates, has included in his work observations not only on human physiology and diseases but also studies the environmental and geographical impact   on them, thus setting the stage for holistic approaches Conclusion: Summarizing, Hippocratic medicine and particularly his observations on mental disorders  provides a clear picture of the methodology used by Hippocrates which can be a guide for the adoption of good practices for contemporary scholars and clinicians on their everyday practic

Is Designing Wardrobes a Micrograph of Applying for Ph.D. Abroad?

Letter to Editor by Dattatreya Mukherjee (MBBS Student, Jinan University, P.R China) and Christos Tsagkaris (Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece

Mental health sequelae of bone cancer: A narrative review

Introduction: Bone cancer causes a significant mental health burden. Although the mental health implications of cancer as a whole have been widely discussed, there is limited evidence regarding the psychiatric and psychological sequelae of malignant and benign bone neoplasms in particular. Purpose: To summarize the scientific literature, present relevant knowledge gaps and discuss a number of recommendations. Methodology: The authors searched Pubmed/Medline and Google Scholar with keywords (mental health, bone cancer, musculoskeletal neoplasms, psychiatric comorbidities). When appropriate, MeSH terms and Boolean operators were used. Relevant peer reviewed studies published in English, French or German until 05 May 2021 were included. Results and Discussion: Loss of mobility, decrease of physical activity, chronic pain and amputations in combination with patient’s previous psychiatric history, socioeconomic conditions, cancer biology and treatment-related side effects undermine the mental wellbeing of patients and carers. Since March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has posed an additional burden, which is yet to be comprehensively evaluated. Conclusion: More research and solid action towards the integration of mental health care into the management of bone cancer is crucia

Kinematics of the Cervical Spine Under Healthy and Degenerative Conditions: A Systematic Review

Knowledge of spinal kinematics is essential for the diagnosis and management of spinal diseases. Distinguishing between physiological and pathological motion patterns can help diagnose these diseases, plan surgical interventions and improve relevant tools and software. During the last decades, numerous studies based on diverse methodologies attempted to elucidate spinal mobility in different planes of motion. The authors aimed to summarize and compare the evidence about cervical spine kinematics under healthy and degenerative conditions. This includes an illustrated description of the spectrum of physiological cervical spine kinematics, followed by a comparable presentation of kinematics of the degenerative cervical spine. Data was obtained through a systematic MEDLINE search including studies on angular/translational segmental motion contribution, range of motion, coupling and center of rotation. As far as the degenerative conditions are concerned, kinematic data regarding disc degeneration and spondylolisthesis were available. Although the majority of the studies identified repeating motion patterns for most motion planes, discrepancies associated with limited sample sizes and different imaging techniques and/or spine configurations, were noted. Among healthy/asymptomatic individuals, flexion extension (FE) and lateral bending (LB) are mainly facilitated by the subaxial cervical spine. C4-C5 and C5-C6 were the major FE contributors in the reported studies, exceeding the motion contribution of sub-adjacent segments. Axial rotation (AR) greatly depends on C1-C2. FE range of motion (ROM) is distributed between the atlantoaxial and subaxial segments, while AR ROM stems mainly from the former and LB ROM from the latter. In coupled motion rotation is quantitatively predominant over translation. Motion migrates caudally from C1-C2 and the center of rotation (COR) translocates anteriorly and superiorly for each successive subaxial segment. In degenerative settings, concurrent or subsequent lesions render the association between diseases and mobility alterations challenging. The affected segments seem to maintain translational and angular motion in early and moderate degeneration. However, the progression of degeneration restrains mobility, which seems to be maintained or compensated by adjacent non-affected segments. While the kinematics of the healthy cervical spine have been addressed by multiple studies, the entire nosological and kinematic spectrum of cervical spine degeneration is partially addressed. Large-scale in vivo studies can complement the existing evidence, cover the gaps and pave the way to technological and clinical breakthroughs

Spine Biomechanics in the Work of Aristotle (384 - 322 BC)

Background: Spine biomechanics is a field of applied research aiming to unravel the biomechanical understanding of the spine and its disorders and to understand the implications of their interventional therapy to improve clinical practice, physical performance and daily living. Its scientific whereabouts can be traced in the work of Aristotle, who discussed physical and biological concepts of spine biomechanics in a series of treatises.Results: The authors searched the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae archive for original texts written in Greek and attributed to Aristotle and selected excerpts of medical and biological treatises that elaborate on spine biomechanics.Discussion: While many of his theories have become outdated, his methodology and rationale remain relevant for contemporary researchers and clinicians. Here, the relevant content of passages of the corpus aristotelicum related to spine biomechanics and discuss their practical implications are presented. Keywords: aristotle; humanities; philosophy; spine biomechanic

Mithridatism for dementia? Hypoxic - Hyperoxic training in dementia

Introduction: Intense research on dementia has been conducted during the last years. As advances in the field have started changing the landscape of dementia treatment, it is necessary to assess the impact of novel therapeutic modalities. Purpose: The current evidence about hypoxic – hyperoxic treatment for dementia is reviewed in this article. Methods: We conducted a thorough PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar search. Results: Preclinical and clinical data are available. Hypoxic – hyperoxic treatment is encouraged in the context of the multimodal treatment of dementia. There are concerns about the recovery of memory with regard to specific modalities of this treatment. Future perspectives are highlighted in the light of potentially useful biomarkers and health policy. Conclusion: While constant updates and further research is critical to understand the impact of hypoxic – hyperoxic treatment in dementia, the available studies are limited and, hence, research that is more extensive is necessary. Currently, it is important to assess the current state of knowledge highlighting the success but also the stalemates of this treatmen

The sitting vs standing spine

Background Planning of surgical procedures for spinal fusion is performed on standing radiographs, neglecting the fact that patients are mostly in the sitting position during daily life. The awareness about the differences in the standing and sitting configuration of the spine has increased during the last years. The purpose was to provide an overview of studies related to seated imaging for spinal fusion surgery, identify knowledge gaps and evaluate future research questions. Methods A literature search according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMASc) was performed to identify reports related to seated imaging for spinal deformity surgery. A summary of the finding is presented for healthy individuals as well as patients with a spinal disorder and/or surgery. Results The systematic search identified 30 original studies reporting on 1) the pre- and postoperative use of seated imaging of the spine (n=12), 2) seated imaging of the spine for non - surgical evaluation (n=7) and 3) seated imaging of the spine among healthy individuals (12). The summarized evidence illuminates that sitting leads to a straightening of the spine decreasing thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), the sacral slope (SS). Further, the postural change between standing and sitting is more significant on the lower segments of the spine. Also, the adjacent segment compensates the needed postural change of the lumbar spine while sitting with hyperkyphosis. Conclusions The spine has a different configuration in standing and sitting. This systematic review summarizes the current knowledge about such differences and reveals that there is minimal evidence about their consideration for surgical planning of spinal fusion surgery. Further, it identifies gaps in knowledge and areas of further research

In the Footsteps of Scribonius Largus, a Pioneer of Clinical Pharmacy in Ancient Rome

Clinical pharmacy involves pharmacists in direct patient care concerning optimizing medicines and promoting health awareness and disease prevention. The whereabouts of the field can be traced to Scribonius Largus, a renowned physician and pharmacist in ancient Rome. Although Largus served as an imperial physician, he has also been an exemplary pharmacist authoring a comprehensive pharmacognosy textbook and dedicated a big part of his life to improving pharmacotherapy and advancing ethics in the field. Revisiting his contributions provides valuable lessons for contemporary clinical pharmacists

Vertebropexy as a semi-rigid ligamentous alternative to lumbar spinal fusion

PURPOSE: To develop ligamentous vertebral stabilization techniques ("vertebropexy") that can be used after microsurgical decompression (intact posterior structures) and midline decompression (removed posterior structures) and to elaborate their biomechanical characteristics. METHODS: Fifteen spinal segments were biomechanically tested in a stepwise surgical decompression and ligamentous stabilization study. Stabilization was achieved with a gracilis or semitendinosus tendon allograft, which was attached to the spinous process (interspinous vertebropexy) or the laminae (interlaminar vertebropexy) in form of a loop. The specimens were tested (1) in the native state, after (2) microsurgical decompression, (3) interspinous vertebropexy, (4) midline decompression, and (5) interlaminar vertebropexy. In the intact state and after every surgical step, the segments were loaded in flexion-extension (FE), lateral shear (LS), lateral bending (LB), anterior shear (AS) and axial rotation (AR). RESULTS: Interspinous vertebropexy significantly reduced the range of motion (ROM) in all loading scenarios compared to microsurgical decompression: in FE by 70% (p < 0.001), in LS by 22% (p < 0.001), in LB by 8% (p < 0.001) in AS by 12% (p < 0.01) and in AR by 9% (p < 0.001). Interlaminar vertebropexy decreased ROM compared to midline decompression by 70% (p < 0.001) in FE, 18% (p < 0.001) in LS, 11% (p < 0.01) in LB, 7% (p < 0.01) in AS, and 4% (p < 0.01) in AR. Vertebral segment ROM was significantly smaller with the interspinous vertebropexy compared to the interlaminar vertebropexy for all loading scenarios except FE. Both techniques were able to reduce vertebral body segment ROM in FE, LS and LB beyond the native state. CONCLUSION: Vertebropexy is a new concept of semi-rigid spinal stabilization based on ligamentous reinforcement of the spinal segment. It is able to reduce motion, especially in flexion-extension. Studies are needed to evaluate its clinical application