SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LIABILITY FOR CONTRAVENTION IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Along with civil liability and criminal liability, contravention liability comes to complete the classical forms of liability applicable in the environmental protection field. This form of liability, unlike the civil liability, which has a predominantly repairer character, has a sanction character, intervening in the case in which a subject of law does not comply with a conduct established by a rule of public law. Although contravention liability is not a specific liability of environmental law, it has an important economic role and constitutes a serious means of prevention, contraventions sanctions being the most often applied in cases of non-compliance of environmental rules

Interaction Effects in Nickel Nanowires Arrays

Systems of magnetic nanowires are considered strong candidates in many technological applications as microwave filters, sensors or devices for data storage. Because of their strong potential as candidates in such applications they became lately the object of many studies. However, due to the very complicated nature of the interwire interactions, their magnetic behavior is very difficult to be interpreted. The main parameter controlling the response of magnetic nanowires assemblies is the aspect ratio of the nanowires that is defined as the ratio of the length to the wire\u27s diameter. In our study we choose to modify the aspect ratio by keeping a constant length of nanowires and modifying the wire\u27s diameter while keeping the same interwire distance. The samples were studied at room temperature, using vibrating sample magnetometer and X-band ferromagnetic resonance experiments. The results are explained taking into account the effects of the magnetostatic interactions and shape anisotropy

Sequence-to-Sequence Spanish Pre-trained Language Models

In recent years, substantial advancements in pre-trained language models have paved the way for the development of numerous non-English language versions, with a particular focus on encoder-only and decoder-only architectures. While Spanish language models encompassing BERT, RoBERTa, and GPT have exhibited prowess in natural language understanding and generation, there remains a scarcity of encoder-decoder models designed for sequence-to-sequence tasks involving input-output pairs. This paper breaks new ground by introducing the implementation and evaluation of renowned encoder-decoder architectures, exclusively pre-trained on Spanish corpora. Specifically, we present Spanish versions of BART, T5, and BERT2BERT-style models and subject them to a comprehensive assessment across a diverse range of sequence-to-sequence tasks, spanning summarization, rephrasing, and generative question answering. Our findings underscore the competitive performance of all models, with BART and T5 emerging as top performers across all evaluated tasks. As an additional contribution, we have made all models publicly available to the research community, fostering future exploration and development in Spanish language processing

Electromagnetic Strip Mills' Driving Rollers Metallisation Advanced Technics

The continuous increase of the applications of thermal sprayed coatings together with the demand for layers having always more and more enhanced performances and properties stimulates the research activity toward the development of new coating materials and alloys. To meet this goal, new complex alloys, based on the Fe, Si, B, Mo, Cu, W system, are here considered, through the development of new and innovative powders to be used, as powders directly or as a wire form, for thermal sprayed coatings to improve wear and corrosion resistance, as well as thermal fatigue properties of the electromagnetic strip mills' driving rollers, highlighting the materials performances and attaining economical and environmental advantages

Is Diabrotica virgifera virgifera still considered a dangerous pest from crops of Romania?

Lately, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte adults (western corn rootworm) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) extended the range of host plants and also the spreading area in Romania. Though, until recently it was associatedonly with corn plant (it highlighted the research in Europe) today we can say that this invasive insect, in adult stage,became oligophagous. The current state of research in the field, somewhat restrained, outlines the monitoringaspects of morphology, biology, control and less at plant atractivity. This is the main reason in addressing currenttopics. Also, if we want to answer the question is Diabrotica virgifera virgifera still considered a dangerous pest fromcrops of Romania? the answer is definitely positive. The research took place over the course of tho years of study 2011 and 2012. In our studies we used observation cages type I and II (small cages and high cages). Thus for theevaluation of trophic preferences were achieved through the determination of frequency and intensity of attackson various plants. In the experimental covered setting is obvious attraction towards other than corn comparativewith uncovered setting. By far, the preferred were plants from Cucurbitaceae and Leguminosae. According to theobservations made on the leaves with the highest average attack occurred at the plants of melon, soybean andbeans. The damage done by insects on flowers have highlighted orientation towards plants of sunflower, cucumberand melon. Between variants down to the various plant species in relation to the total number of leaves, flowers, leaves and flowers attacked. Actually, this species invaded the corn crops in western, southern counties, the Nordicand central Romania and damaged few crops. But we supposed that in follow soon will be present throughout thecountry and the attractiveness of the new plants will grow

Macrophage-like cells are responsive to titania nanotube intertube spacing—an in vitro study

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization through project 41PFE/30.12.3021.With the introduction of a new interdisciplinary field, osteoimmunology, today, it is well acknowledged that biomaterial-induced inflammation is modulated by immune cells, primarily macrophages, and can be controlled by nanotopographical cues. Recent studies have investigated the effect of surface properties in modulating the immune reaction, and literature data indicate that various surface cues can dictate both the immune response and bone tissue repair. In this context, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of titanium dioxide nanotube (TNT) interspacing on the response of the macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7. The cells were maintained in contact with the surfaces of flat titanium (Ti) and anodic TNTs with an intertube spacing of 20 nm (TNT20) and 80 nm (TNT80), under standard or pro-inflammatory conditions. The results revealed that nanotube interspacing can influence macrophage response in terms of cell survival and proliferation, cellular morphology and polarization, cytokine/chemokine expression, and foreign body reaction. While the nanostructured topography did not tune the macrophages’ differentiation into osteoclasts, this behavior was significantly reduced as compared to flat Ti surface. Overall, this study provides a new insight into how nanotubes’ morphological features, particularly intertube spacing, could affect macrophage behavior.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Multiferroic (Nd,Fe)-doped PbTiO3 ceramics with coexistent ferroelectricity and magnetism at room temperature

We report the structural, dielectric, elastic, ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties of multiferroic (Nd, Fe)-doped PbTiO3 perovskite ceramics with composition (Pb 0.88 Nd 0.08 )(Ti 0.94 Fe 0.04 Mn 0.02 )O 3 , prepared by different solid state reaction methods: the first one based on a single-stage calcination (Method I) and the second based on a double-stage calcination (Method II). Structural, dielectric and anelastic measurements evidenced a double phase transition for samples prepared by Method I, which has been attributed to phase separation. This phase separation has been confirmed also by TEM and HRTEM investigations. Samples prepared by Method II showed a single phase transition from paraelectric to ferroelectric phase. We found coexistent ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties, also at room-temperature, but only for ceramics prepared by Method II. The crucial role of calcination process for avoiding phase separation and obtaining homogeneous structures with ferroelectric and ferromagnetic order is underlined