The Globalization of Innovation: Pharmaceuticals

Analyzes trends in the global pharmaceutical industry, with a focus on intellectual property creation, business relationships, value-chain activity, and opportunities in India and China. Includes profiles of Indian and Chinese pharmaceutical firms

International films and international markets: the globalisation of Hollywood entertainment, c.1921-1951

The international appeal of Hollywood films through the twentieth century has been a subject of interest to economic and film historians alike. This paper employs some of the methods of the economic historian to evaluate key arguments within the film history literature explaining the global success of American films. Through careful analysis of both existing and newly constructed data sets, the paper examines the extent to which Hollywood's foreign earnings were affected by: film production costs; the extent of global distribution networks; and also the international orientation of the films themselves. The paper finds that these factors influenced foreign earnings in quite distinct ways, and that their relative importance changed over time. The evidence presented here suggests a degree of interaction between the production and distribution arms of the major US film companies in their pursuit of foreign markets that would benefit from further archival-based investigation

The Advent of the Transnational TV Format Trading System: A Global Commodity Chain Analysis

This article argues that the format business transformed into a trading system in the 2000s, system being defined as a singular transnational space structured by networks of interdependent economic agents, firms, institutions and places. Following the global commodity chain/global value chain approach set out by Immanuel Wallerstein and developed by Gary Gereffi, this article then examines each dimension of the global TV format commodity chain that runs through this trading system. Beginning with the governance structure, this article counter-intuitively asserts that despite the current boom in TV production, it is a buyer-driven chain with power resting firmly in the hands of those making the acquisitions: the broadcasters. Considering the chain’s geographical configuration, this article identifies three tiers of format exporters and specific trade routes along which most TV formats travel. These findings enable us to reassess the claims made by the cosmopolitanization thesis about the nature of media globalization. Contrary to this thesis, this article asserts the need to comprehend media globalization within the context of an expanding capitalist world-system, and shows that the new transnational TV format trade and its commodity chain replicate the inequalities and power structures of former trading systems

The film business in the United States and Britain during the 1930s

Film was a most important product in the lives of the people during the 1930s. This paper sets out to analyse the underlying economic arrangements of the film industries of the U.S. and Britain during the decade in producing and diffusing this commodity-type to the population at large. In doing this, the paper finds a highly competitive industry that was built around showing films that audiences wanted to see, irrespective of the extent of vertical integration. It also examines the nature of the inter-relationship between the two industries and finds an asymmetry between the popularity of British films in the American market and that of American films in the British market. Our explanation for this is that the efforts of British firms on the American market were not sufficiently sustained to make a significant impact on American audiences

Harvests of shame: enduring unfree labour in twentieth century United States, 1933-1964

This article reframes the discussion on vulnerable and exploited agricultural labour in twentieth-century United States using the overarching category of unfree labour. In order to do so, it bridges two usually distinct historiographies by linking the phenomenon of ‘peonage’ during the New Deal, with the one of immigrant contract labour southern Florida, under the H2 visa. Archival research on the practices at the US Sugar Corporation in southern Florida exemplifies this link. This article draws on federal archives, government proceedings, papers of political activists and legal and labour scholarship to argue: firstly, that unfree labour has been an enduring feature of agricultural labour relations at regional level during the twentieth century, through both a transmission and a transformation of practice that had their origin in the control of black emancipated labour; secondly, that the introduction of guest workers under the H2 and Bracero programme meant a modernization in the practices of unfree labour, pivoting on the lack of citizenship rights, racial discrimination, debt at home, and threat of deportation; and, finally, that the failure to recognise forms of legal and economic deprivation and coercion as unfree labour has hurt the ability of the United States to enforce protection of human rights at home

Litigation in the Court of Exchequer, 1307-1377

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Edward A. Trumpbour to Horace Kephart, April 13, 1929

In a letter to Horace Kephart from Edward A. Trumpbour of C. R. Daniels, Inc., April 13, 1929, Trumpbour sends a descriptive price list of their canvas tents that Kephart requested.FREDERICK J. TRUMPBOUR,President JAMES T. TRUMPBOUR,Vice President EDWARD A.TRUMPBOUR,Treasurer FRANK C. SPADER,SECRETARY CABLE ADDRESS "DANIELINC" TELEPHONE CANAL 7900 IAN! EL®, I in MANUFACTURERS OF EVERYTHING OF CANVAS 101-103 CROSBY STREET (LAFAYETTE, PRINCE & CROSBY STS.) N EWYORK April 13, 1929. Mr. Horace Kephart, Bryson City, North Carolina. Dear Sirs In response to your inquiry, we are glad to send you herewith oar descriptive price list on Standard Wall 'Tents, which covers the only Canvas Camp Goods that we manufacture. From the list prices shown, you would he entitled to a 45$ discount. All prices are for the tents complete with poles, ropes and stakes already for erection. Your inquiry is appreciated and we hope to have this opportunity of being of service to you. Yours for service, C...R. DANIELS, INC., Treasurer. ' (J EATtHH Eric

Online social networking and trade union membership: what the Facebook phenomenon truly means for labor organizers

Union membership has declined precipitously in a number of countries, including in the United States, over the past fifty years. Can anything be done to stem this decline? This article argues that union voice is a positive attribute (among others) of union membership that is experiential in nature and that, unlike the costs of unionization, can be discerned only after exposure to a union. This makes the act of 'selling' unionism to workers (and to some extent firms as well) difficult. Supportive social trends and social customs are required in order to make unionization's hard-to-observe benefits easier to discern. Most membership-based institutions face the same dilemma. However, recent social networking organizations such as Facebook have been rather successful in attracting millions of active members in a relatively short period of time. The question of whether the union movement can appropriate some of these lessons is discussed with reference to historical and contemporary examples