The most important bacterioses of cabbage-like vegetable in Bosnia and Herzegovina and possibilities of suppressing them

Tijekom posljednje tri godine (2003.-2005.) u tri glavna proizvodna područja kupusnjača u BiH (Lijevče polje, Semberija i okolica Gornjeg Vakufa), na većem broju proizvodnih parcela, prije svega kupusa i cvjetače ali i drugih uzgajanih kupusnjača, zapaženi su simptomi čiji su uzročnici fitopatogene bakterije. Postotak napadnutih biljaka u prosjeku se kretao od 10-50%, a nisu bile rijetke ni proizvodne parcele na kojima je došlo do 100% zaraze što je uzrokovalo velike ekonomske štete. Na osnovu laboratorijske analize utvrđeno je da su uzročnici uočenih simtoma bolesti dvije fitopatogene bakterije: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel) Dowson i Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. U radu je opisano značenje navedenih vrsta te simptomi koje uzrokuju i domaćini koje napadaju, kao i biologija i epidemiologija parazita, s posebnim naglaskom na mjere za njihovo suzbijanje.Within the last three years (2003-2005) the symptoms caused by fitopathogene bacteria have been observed among three main growing areas of cabbage-like vegetable in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Lijevče polje, Semberija and Gornji Vakuf surroundings), on a larger number of growing lots, above all among cabbage and caoliflower but also among other cabbage-like vegetables. The percentage of the plants infected was from 10 - 50 %, but there were also some growing lots where a 100% infection developed, which caused enormous economic difficulties. On the basis of laboratory analysis, the causes of the observed symptoms were found to be two fitopathogene bacteria: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel) Dowson and Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. This work describes the importance of the sorts mentioned above and the symptoms they cause, as well as the hosts they attack, together with the biology and epidemiology of the parasites, with a special emphasis on the measures of fighting them

Leptosphaeria maculans and Leptosphaeria biglobosa - causal agents of phoma stem cancer and dry root rot of oilseed rape

Temeljem rezultata novijih istraživanja, utvrđeno je da rak stabla i suhu trulež korijena uljane repice uzrokuju dvije vrste fitopatogenih gljiva iz roda Leptosphaeria, i to: Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not (anamorf: Phoma lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Desm.) i Leptosphaeria biglobosa Shoem et Brun. Naime, ponovljive razlike u morfologiji pseudotecija i nemogućnost križanja grupe A s grupom B u in vitro uvjetima ukazale su na postojanje potrebe i opravdanosti da se dvije grupe izolata patogena uzročnika raka stabla i suhe truleži korijena uljane repice označe kao različite vrste, nazvane Leptosphaeria maculans za predstavnike grupe A i Leptosphaeria biglobosa za predstavnike grupe NA 1 B. Također, u zadnje vrijeme otkriveno je i opisano 9 rasa L. maculans označenih kao AvrLm 1 do AvrLm 9. U radu je prikazan detaljan pregled ekonomskoga značaja navedenih vrsta i simptoma koje oni uzrokuju, morfoloških karakteristika i razlika između njih, kao i ciklusa njihovoga razvoja, s posebnim naglaskom na mjere za njihovo suzbijanje.Based on new researches results, it was found that phoma stem cancer and dry root rot of oilseed rape are caused by two kinds of phytopathogenic fungi from Leptosphaeria genus and they are: Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not (anamorph: Phoma lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Desm.) and Leptosphaeria biglobosa Shoem et Brun. Namely, repeatable differences in pseudothecium morphology and an impossibility of crossing group A with group B in “in vitro” conditions have shown that there is a justified need to designate the two groups as different species, called Leptosphaeria maculans for group A and Leptosphaeria biglobosa for NA 1 B group. Also, nine races of L. maculans have been discovered and described recently, which were designated as AvrLm 1 to AvrLm 9. The paper describes a detailed review of economical importance of the listed species and symptoms that they cause, morphological characteristics and differences between them, as well as the cycle of their development with special emphasis on measures for their control

Leptosphaeria maculans and Leptosphaeria biglobosa - causal agents of phoma stem cancer and dry root rot of oilseed rape

Temeljem rezultata novijih istraživanja, utvrđeno je da rak stabla i suhu trulež korijena uljane repice uzrokuju dvije vrste fitopatogenih gljiva iz roda Leptosphaeria, i to: Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not (anamorf: Phoma lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Desm.) i Leptosphaeria biglobosa Shoem et Brun. Naime, ponovljive razlike u morfologiji pseudotecija i nemogućnost križanja grupe A s grupom B u in vitro uvjetima ukazale su na postojanje potrebe i opravdanosti da se dvije grupe izolata patogena uzročnika raka stabla i suhe truleži korijena uljane repice označe kao različite vrste, nazvane Leptosphaeria maculans za predstavnike grupe A i Leptosphaeria biglobosa za predstavnike grupe NA 1 B. Također, u zadnje vrijeme otkriveno je i opisano 9 rasa L. maculans označenih kao AvrLm 1 do AvrLm 9. U radu je prikazan detaljan pregled ekonomskoga značaja navedenih vrsta i simptoma koje oni uzrokuju, morfoloških karakteristika i razlika između njih, kao i ciklusa njihovoga razvoja, s posebnim naglaskom na mjere za njihovo suzbijanje.Based on new researches results, it was found that phoma stem cancer and dry root rot of oilseed rape are caused by two kinds of phytopathogenic fungi from Leptosphaeria genus and they are: Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not (anamorph: Phoma lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Desm.) and Leptosphaeria biglobosa Shoem et Brun. Namely, repeatable differences in pseudothecium morphology and an impossibility of crossing group A with group B in “in vitro” conditions have shown that there is a justified need to designate the two groups as different species, called Leptosphaeria maculans for group A and Leptosphaeria biglobosa for NA 1 B group. Also, nine races of L. maculans have been discovered and described recently, which were designated as AvrLm 1 to AvrLm 9. The paper describes a detailed review of economical importance of the listed species and symptoms that they cause, morphological characteristics and differences between them, as well as the cycle of their development with special emphasis on measures for their control

Etiological studies of appearance of anthracnose of strawberry in north west part of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Tijekom obilaska većeg broja jagodnjaka u više lokaliteta na širem području općina Banja Luka, Laktaši, Gradiška i Srbac, u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine, na pojedinim proizvodnim parcelama utvrđena je pojava oboljelih biljaka s izraženim simptomima antraknoze. Postotak napadnutih biljaka bio je različit, ali se na pojedinim parcelama kretao od 5–20%, a nisu bile rijetke ni proizvodne parcele na kojima je došlo do većeg postotka zaraze, zbog čega je na takvim parcelama došlo do značajnih ekonomskih šteta. Na osnovu dobivenih rezultata proučavanja patogenih, morfoloških i uzgojnih odlika tri odabrana izolata (Jag-1, Jag-4 i Jag-7) možemo zaključiti da svi pripadaju fitopatogenoj gljivi Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ex Simmonds - uzročnikuantraknoze jagode.During the supervision of large number of strawberry plots on several localities in wider area of districts of Banja Luka, Laktaši, Gradiška and Srbac in northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the appearance of diseased plants with evident symptoms of anthracnose was determined in certain production plots. The percentage of the diseased plants differed, but in certain plots it was from 5- 20%, although the production plots with higher percent of contracted disease weren’t rare as well, because of which in such plots there were significant economic damages. Based on the obtained results of studying pathogen, morphological and cultivating characteristics of three chosen isolates (Jag-1, Jag- 4 and Jag-7), we can conclude that they all belong to phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ex Simmonds- which is the cause of anthracnose of strawberry

Appearance and control of ear and kernel of corn fusarioses

Iz zrna kukuruza do sada je izolirano oko dvadesetak vrsta iz roda Fusarium, od kojih se prema intenzitetu pojave, rasprostranjenosti i ekonomskoj važnosti, u većini područja gdje se kukuruz uzgaja, kao najznačajnije mogu smatrati vrste F. graminearum, F. verticillioides (syn. F. moniliforme) i F. subglutinans, a u posljednje vrijeme i F. proliferatum. Navedene vrste roda Fusarium uzrokuju različite simptome na oboljelim biljkama, kao što su trulež zrna i klijanaca, trulež korijena i stabla, kao i pljesnivost i trulež klipa i zrna kukuruza. U radu je opisan važnost vrsta roda Fusarium, njihova najvažnija makroskopska i mikroskopska svojstva, simptomi fuzarioza klipa i zrna kukuruza, te uvjeti za razvoj ovih bolesti, kao i mikotoksini i mikotoksikoze čiji su producenti razne Fusarium vrste, a posebno su razmotrene i mjere za njihovu kontrolu.There have been about twenty kinds of Fusarium genus isolated from a kernel of corn, out of which the most important ones, based on the intensity of appearance, diffusion and economic importance, in the majority of areas where corn is grown, are genuses F. graminearum, F. verticillioides (syn. F. moniliforme) and F. subglutinans, and lately also F. proliferatum. These types of Fusarium genus cause various symptoms on ill plants, such as rotting of kernel and sprouts, rotting of roots and stems, as well as mouldiness and rotting of ear and kernel of corn. In this work the importance of different kinds of Fusarium genus is described, their most important macroscopic and mycroscopis characteristics, symptoms of fusarioses of ear and kernel of corn, and conditions for development of these diseases, as well as micotoxines and micotoxicoses caused by different Fusarium types. In addition to this, the measures of their control are analyzed

Prva pojava raka stabla na uljanoj repici prouzrokovač Leptosphaeria biglobosa u Srbiji

In October 2010 the occurrence of the stem canker symptoms in rapeseed was observed at the locality Rimski Šančevi in Serbia. Several strains of fungi were isolated from the stem. Morphological characteristics of the isolates were studied on a PDA medium at 25±1oC: growth rate, colour, shape and appearance of colonies and the edge of the colony, the pigment, size, colour and shape of pycnidiospores and pycnidia in 10 isolates (isolated in Serbia K-111, IK-112, K-113, K-114, K-115, K-116, IK-117, K-118, K-119, and K-120). All tested strains had fast growth, the regular form of colonies and poor sporulation on nutrient medium. Pycnidiospores are unicellular, hyaline, and mostly straight, with or without a drop of oil. Molecular identification was performed by the application the PCR technique using primers PN3/PN10. In addition to these 10 isolates, two reference strains obtained from the Centre for Agricultural Studies, Rothamsted, UK, which are marked with L. m (Leptosphaena maculanS), L. b (Leptosphaeria biglobosa) and 7 reference isolates originating from Serbia, which are marked K-7, St-16, GS-25, L-5, C-3, LJ-2, S-1 were used. On the basis of DNA amplification with primers PN3 and PN10 tape length was about 580 bp for isolates (L.b, IK-111, K-112, K-113, K-114, K-115, K-116, K-117, K-118, K-119, K-120) while that was 560 bp for other group of isolates (L.m, K-7, St-16, GS-25, L-5, C-3, LJ- 2, S-1).This study showed that 10 isolates (K-111, K-112, K-113, IK- 114, K-115, K-116, K-117, K-118, K-119, K-120) isolated from the stem of rapeseed belong to the species Leptosphaeria biglobosa.U oktobru 2010. pojava simptoma raka stabla na uljanoj repici je uočena na lokalitetu Rimski šančevi u Srbiji. Nekoliko izolata gljive je izolovano iz stabla. Morfološke karakteristike 10 izolata izolovanih u Srbiji su proučene na PDA podlozi, na temperaturi 25±1 oC : rast, boja, oblik, izgled kolonija ivice kolonije, lučenje pigmenta, veličina, boja i oblik piknospora i piknida K-111, K-112, K-113, K-114, K-115, K-116, K-117, K-118, K-119, K-120. Svi testirani izolati imaju brz porast, pravilan oblik kolonija i slabu sporulaciju na hranljivoj podlozi. Piknospore su jednoćelijske, hijalne, uglavnom prave, sa ili bez kapi ulja. Molekularna identifikadja je urađena upotrebom PCR tehnike korišćenjem prajmera PN3/PN10. Pored ovih izolata, dva referentna soja su dobijena iz Centra za poljoprivredna istraživanja Rothamsted, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, i označeni sa L. m {Leptosphaeria maculans), L. b (Leptosphaeria biglobosa) i 7 izolata poreklom iz Srbije, označenih sa K-7, St-16, GS-25, L-5, C-3, LJ-2, S-1. Na osnovu DNK amplifikacije sa prajmerima PN3 i PN10 dužina je oko 580 bp (L.b, K-111, K-112, K-113, K-114, K- 115, K-116, K-117, K-118, K-119, K-120) dok kod drugih izolata (L.m, K-7, St-16, GS-25, L-5, C-3, LJ- 2, S-1) je 560 bp. Ova proučavanja su pokazala da svi ispitivani izolati (K-111, K-112, K-113, K-114, K-115, K-116, K-117, K- 118, K-119, K-120) izolovani iz prizemnog dela stabla uljane repice pripadaju vrsti Leptosphaeria biglobosa

Botrytis squamosa - prouzrokovač lisne pegavosti luka u Bosni i Herzegovini

Over the past several decades, necrotic spots, lesions and blight symptoms have been observed on onion leaves in several locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the crop is grown intensively. The type of symptoms indicated a possible infection with Botrytis squamosa, a widespread pathogen of onion. As symptoms of leaf spots and necrotic lesions can also be caused by some other biotic and abiotic factors, our research focused on identifying the causal agent of the observed symptoms. The pathogen was isolated from diseased tissue using standard phytopathological procedure and identified based on pathogenic and morphological features. Identification was confirmed by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The influence of temperature and growth medium on mycelial growth rate of the isolates was also studied.U poslednjih nekoliko godina, na nekoliko lokaliteta u području intenzivne proizvodnje crnog luka u Bosni i Hercegovini uočena je pojava nekrotičnih pega i sušenja lišća. Simptomi oboljenja ukazali su na moguće prisustvo široko rasprostranjenog patogena luka, vrste Botrytis squamosa. S obzirom da pegavost i nekrotične lezije na listu luka mogu biti prouzrokovane različitim biotičkim i abiotičkim faktorima, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se precizno identifikuje prouzrokovač oboljenja. Patogen je izolovan primenom standardnih fitopatoloških metoda i identifikovan na osnovu proučenih patogenih i morfoloških karakteristika dobijenih izolata. Identifikacija je potvrđena amplifikacijom i sekvenciranjem ITS rDNA genomnog regiona. Takođe, proučen je uticaj temperature i hranljive podloge na porast izolata

Morfološke karakteristike interspecies hibrida sirka i sudanske trave u uslovima intenzivne ishrane azotom

The object of this study was a two-year trial (2009 and 2010) regarding variability of morphological characteristics of species belonging to Sorghum genus, more specifically interspecies hybrid between sorghum and Sudan grass Siloking as affected by different applications of nitrogen. The following morphological characteristics were analysed: plant height, number of leaves, leaf ratio, stem ratio, and number of shoots. Samples were taken from the first cut when the effect of the applied nitrogen doses was the strongest. The results showed that increasing nitrogen quantities significantly affected the tested morphological characteristics, especially the intensity of tillering (increased number of secondary stems), number of the formed leaves, and ratio of leaf weight in the total above-ground biomass. The effect of applied nitrogen depended on the weather conditions, i.e. distribution of precipitation, so that plants reached maximum height when 105 kg N ha-1 was applied in the dry year and 180 kg N ha-1 in the wet year.Predmet ove studije su dvogodišnja istraživanja (2009. i 2010.) varijabilnosti morfoloških osobina vrste roda Sorghum interspecies hibrida sirka i sudanske trave Siloking zavisno od upotrebljenih količina azota. Analizirane su morfološke osobine: visina biljka, broj listova, udeo lista, udeo stabla, broj izdanaka, a uzorci su uzimani iz prvog otkosa kada je i efekat upotrebljenih azotnih hraniva bio najveći. Rezultati su pokazali da rastuće količine azota značajno utiču na ispitivane morfološke osobine posebno na intenzitet bokorenja (povećanje broja sekundarnih stabala), broj formiranih listova, kao i udeo lisne mase u ukupnoj nadzemnoj biomasi. Efekat upotrebljenog azota zavisio je od vremenskih uslova, odnosno od rasporeda padavina, te su biljke dostigle najveću visinu u varijanti sa primenjenih 105 kg ha-1 azota u sušnoj, a u varijanti sa 180 kg ha-1 u vlažnoj godini

Effect of geotextile and agrotextile covering on productivity and nutritional values in lettuce

In order to optimize the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in greenhouses and to evaluate how a usage of mulching and covering plants with woven agrotextile affects its yields, N content, nitrate, Zn and vitamin C in lettuce leaves, a 2-yr experiment was established. In the experiments, black and white plastic foils were used for mulching before planting, and woven agrotextile for plant covering after planting. The effect of each, as well as combination of them, on lettuce growth and productivity was evaluated. The experiment involved six treatments: control (without mulch), polyethylene black plastic mulch, polyethylene white plastic mulch, polyethylene black plastic mulch and woven agrotextile, polyethylene white plastic mulch and woven agrotextile, and woven agrotextile. In the first growing season the yield was 23% higher when polyethylene black plastic mulch was used compared to the control. In the second growing season the yield was 29% higher when polyethylene black plastic mulch was used compared to the control. Nitrogen content decreased 9% when the woven agrotextile was used compared to the control. Polyethylene black plastic mulch and polyethylene black plastic mulch with agrotextile reduced Zn content compared to the control. Vitamin C content increased 21% when woven agrotextile was used compared to the control. The overall effect of mulching and covering plants with woven agrotextile showed positive effect on lettuce production. The results obtained could assist lettuce growers in selecting most effective production technologies in order to achieve highest yield and nutritional value in this crop

The occurrence of colletotrichum coccodes in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the possibilites of its supression

Tijekom posljednje tri godine (2005.-2007.) na području Lijevče polja, Posavine, Semberije i šireg područja Romanijske regije, na pojedinim proizvodnim parcelama, posebno na kojima se uzgaja krumpir, ali i na onima s paprikom i rajčicom, utvrđena je pojava oboljelih biljaka s izraženim simptomima antraknoze. Postotak napadnutih biljaka bio je različit, ali se na pojedinim parcelama kretao od 5-15%, a nisu bile rijetke ni proizvodne parcele na kojima je došlo do većeg postotka zaraze, zbog čega su nastale i velike ekonomske štete. Na osnovu proučavanja patogenih, morfoloških i uzgajivačkih odlika izoliranog patogena, utvrđeno je da je uzročnik uočenih simtoma bolesti fitopatogena gljiva Colletotrichum coccodes. U radu je opisana važnost navedene vrste te simptomi koje ona uzrokuje i domaćini koje napada, kao i ciklus razvoja, s posebnim naglaskom na mjere za njeno suzbijanje.During the last three years (2005-2007) throughout the areas of Lijevce polje, Posavina, Semberija and wider area of Romanijska region, on certain production plots, especially on those where potato is grown, but on those with pepper and tomato as well, was identified the occurrence of diseased plants with noticeable symptoms of anthracnosis. The percentage of infected plants was various. It was from 5-15 % on some parcels and production plots with higher percentage of infection weren’t rare as well, which was the reason of great economic damage. Based on studying of pathogen, morphological and cultivation distinctions of isolated pathogen, it has been identified that the causative agent of noticed symptoms of plant diseases is phytopathogen fungus Colletotrichum coccodes. The review describes the importance of specified species and symptoms which it causes and hosts which it attacks, as well as the cycles of development, with special emphasis on measurements for its suppression