Area Efficient Level Sensitive Flip-Flops – A Performance Comparison

Due to increased demand of portable and battery operated devices, ultra-low power and high speed devices with less area requirement are important nowadays. Latch is the basic element for all the sequential circuits. This paper presents comparison of various circuits of D latch on the basis of power consumption, area efficiency and delay. Basically in these latches transmission gates are replaced by pass transistors to reduce the transistor count. Comparison results indicate that latch design with least transistor count is the best choice for portable applications. Keywords: area efficient, latch, sub-threshold region, pass transistor, low power, level sensitive flip-flops, flip-flops

PREDICTION OF HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER OF LACCASE GENE; A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF 30 PROKARYOTIC GENOMES

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) plays an important role in microbial evolution. Present study provides an in silico evidence for horizontal gene transfer of laccase gene. Laccases are multi- copper oxidases widely distributed among plants, fungi and bacteria, These enzymes are responsible for oxidation of a wide variety of organic and inorganic substrates and can be used for degradation of micropollutants in wastewater In the present paper computational methods were applied across 30 completely sequenced Laccase producing bacterial genomes of different subtypes of E coli, Salmonella, Serrantia, Psuedomonas,Bacillus and Vibrio for studying the prospects of horizontal gene transfer of Laccase Gene. Genome sequences, Laccase gene sequences and 16sr RNA sequences were retrieved from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Genome and Laccase gene sequences were further analyzed and compared for their % GC content. Multiple sequence alignment was done and phylogenetic trees were constructed from 16 sr RNA and Laccase gene sequences using Mega-6. Differing patterns of 16S rRNA gene tree and the Laccase gene tree supported by high bootstrap values and discrepancies in %GC content of complete genome and of Laccase gene led to the conclusion that Horizontal Gene Transfer events might have taken place during the evolution of this gene

Subdivision of arthropod cap-n-collar expression domains is restricted to Mandibulata

Background: The monophyly of Mandibulata - the division of arthropods uniting pancrustaceans and myriapods - is consistent with several morphological characters, such as the presence of sensory appendages called antennae and the eponymous biting appendage, the mandible. Functional studies have demonstrated that the patterning of the mandible requires the activity of the Hox gene Deformed and the transcription factor cap-n-collar (cnc) in at least two holometabolous insects: the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the beetle Tribolium castaneum. Expression patterns of cnc from two non-holometabolous insects and a millipede have suggested conservation of the labral and mandibular domains within Mandibulata. However, the activity of cnc is unknown in crustaceans and chelicerates, precluding understanding of a complete scenario for the evolution of patterning of this appendage within arthropods. To redress these lacunae, here we investigate the gene expression of the ortholog of cnc in Parhyale hawaiensis, a malacostracan crustacean, and two chelicerates: the harvestman Phalangium opilio, and the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus. Results: In the crustacean P. hawaiensis, the segmental expression of Ph-cnc is the same as that reported previously in hexapods and myriapods, with two distinct head domains in the labrum and the mandibular segment. In contrast, Po-cnc and Cs-cnc expression is not enriched in the labrum of either chelicerate, but instead is expressed at comparable levels in all appendages. In further contrast to mandibulate orthologs, the expression domain of Po-cnc posterior to the labrum is not confined within the expression domain of Po-Dfd. Conclusions: Expression data from two chelicerate outgroup taxa suggest that the signature two-domain head expression pattern of cnc evolved at the base of Mandibulata. The observation of the archetypal labral and mandibular segment domains in a crustacean exemplar supports the synapomorphic nature of mandibulate cnc expression. The broader expression of Po-cnc with respect to Po-Dfd in chelicerates further suggests that the regulation of cnc by Dfd was also acquired at the base of Mandibulata. To test this hypothesis, future studies examining panarthropod cnc evolution should investigate expression of the cnc ortholog in arthropod outgroups, such as Onychophora and Tardigrada

Single Edge Triggered Static D Flip-Flops: Performance Comparison

Due to fast growth of portable devices, power consumption and timing delays are the two important design parameters in high speed and low power VLSI design arena. In this paper we presents the comparison of single edge triggered static D flip-flop designs to show the benefit of power consumption ,delay and power delay product on the basis of area efficiency. Keywords: Single edge triggered flip-flops, super-threshold region, parasitic capacitance, transmission gat

Ethnopharmacology, Antioxidant Activities, and Phytochemical Screening of Bioactive Extracts from the Seeds of Alangium Salvifolium, A Medicinal Plant

Phytochemical with antioxidant properties have great potential to combat plant and human diseases. This study aims to analyze the effects of different phytochemical constituents on different solvents on their extraction yield and also to determine the bioactive phytochemical and the amount of antioxidant activity of Alangium salvifolium seeds. For this study, the seeds of Alangium salvifolium were extracted, analyzed for phytochemical constituents, and evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Chemical analysis of phytochemical constituents was performed according to standard protocols. The antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts was measured using several in vitro techniques, including the DPPH radical scavenging assay and SOS activity. The plant extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening to determine their potential for antioxidant activity and the presence of bioactive components. The results of the current study show the ethanolic extract of Alangium salvifolium seeds showed remarkable antioxidant properties. Alangium salvifolium is a remarkable medicinal plant that contains a variety of bioactive secondary plant compounds and can be used to prevent several diseases. Recent research suggests that plant-derived antioxidants that scavenge free radicals may be useful in treating chronic diseases caused by free radicals

A VALIDATED GRADIENT STABILITY-INDICATING LC METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VALSARTAN IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Objective: The objective of this research work was to develop a sensitive, precise, specific, linear and stability-indicating gradient HPLC method for the estimation of valsartan in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical preparations.Methods: Chromatographic separation was achieved on C-18 stationary phase with a gradient mobile phase consisting of orthophosphoric acid buffer (the pH of the solution was adjusted to 4.2±0.05 with triethylamine) and methanol. The eluent was monitored with PDA detector at 225 nm with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, run time of 65 min.Results: The method was linear over the range of 20-120μg/ml. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9994±0.02. In order to check the selectivity of the method for pharmaceutical preparations, forced degradation studies were carried out. Valsartan was found to be stable at light and oxidation experiments. The performance of the method was validated according to the present ICH guidelines for specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. .The LOQ was found to be 0.26µg/ml and the LOD was found to be 0.79µg/ml. Valsartan showed good correlation coefficient in the concentration range of 20-120μg/ml. The developed method was compared statistically by applying two-way anova and student's t-test to correlate with an isocratic method and was applied to bulk drug and tablet dosage form. There was no significant difference between the two methods.Conclusion: The proposed method was found to be accurate, precise, sensitive and robust. Hence, it can be used successfully for the routine analysis of valsartan in pharmaceutical formulation and for analysis of stability samples obtained during accelerated stability study

Wallace Tree Multiplier Designs: A Performance Comparison Review

Multiplication process is often used in digital signal processing systems, microprocessors designs, communication systems, and other application specific integrated circuits. Multipliers are complex units and play an important role in deciding the overall area, speed and power consumption of digital designs. This paper presents a comparison review of various Wallace tree multiplier designs in terms of parameters like latency, complexity and power consumption. Keywords: Booth Recoding Algorithm, Carry Look Ahead Adder, Carry Select Adder, Compressors, Ripple Carry Adder, Sklansky Adder, Wallace Tree Multipliers

Array Multiplier using pMOS based 3T XOR Cell

This paper proposes a 3T XOR gate design consisting of pMOS transistors. This new design of XOR cell has been compared with existing 3T XOR design and significant improvement in PDP (Power-Delay Product) has been obtained. As an application of proposed XOR gate, a 2×2 array multiplier has been designed which also shows promising performance than existing one. All simulations are performed on 45nm standard model on Tanner EDA tool version 13.0. Keywords: 3T (3 transistor), XOR gate, 2×2 array multiplier and PDP (Power-Delay Product)

Empowering Muslim Women in Indian

Women have become equal partners in many ways at all levels community. The future will see many women going to normal places ruled by people. Various social reformers have tried to raise public conditions legal women and legal cases have played an important role in her development. Due to global cohesion, women have left their traditional activities building a house and raising children in resolving social and business solutions. But the community has become it is even more unsafe for women who do not have to change And talking about Islamic Muslim rights is a way to go back there It is a conflict between his rights and his own law. We are a proud nation claims that he has the highest human rights in the world, which guarantees the protection of equal rights to all our citizens while holding fast the high flag of being a nation. However, under all sharp claims, are wounded by the abuse of discrimination and abuse personal laws that divide the basis for equality in our great nation built up? The most abusive way of oppressing Muslim women based on the past is a damaging practice of Talaq triple or more known as "a quick divorce." Then there are his rights to obtain, care, maintenance, etc. where there is direct discrimination. List has never been to eliminate the point of empowering and protecting its rights

Dielectric Properties of ZnO-Based Nanocomposites and Their Potential Applications

Energy storage devices constitute one of the research areas in recent years. Capacitors are commonly used for the storage of electrical energy. The current research is focusing on not only the improvement in energy density but also the materials which are environment friendly. Polymer composites are known to be technically essential materials owing to their wide range of applications. Enormous research has been devoted to zinc oxide- (ZnO-) based polymer nanocomposites, due to their extraordinary dielectric properties. This review article presents a detailed study of the dielectric properties of ZnO-based nanocomposites. The dielectric constant study includes the effect of transition metals and rare earth metals as a dopant in ZnO. This review gives an insight into the mechanism responsible for the variation of dielectric constant in ZnO nanocomposites due to various factors like size of nanoparticles, thickness of the thin film, operating frequency, doping concentration, and atomic number. The observations have been summarized to convey the mechanism and structural changes involved in the ZnO nanocomposites to the researchers. The deployment of biodegradable nanocomposite materials is expected to open an innovative way for their outstanding electronic applications as storage materials