Can Vietnam Achieve One of its Millennium Development Goals? An analysis of schooling dropouts of children

The objectives of this study are to identify the underlying determinants of the schooling dropout in Vietnam and to project its trend in the future up to 2015. Our examination is largely based on the three Vietnam’s Living Standard Surveys conducted in 1992/93, 1997/98 and 2001/02 and the conventional framework of educational investment at the household level. The major determinants of the schooling dropout choice by households are found to be variables of child’s characteristics (such as age, working time, primary education, and number of siblings) and household economic situation (such as parental education, household’s per capita expenditure, and cost of schooling). In general, the effects of these determinants on the schooling dropout probability are statistically significant. In particular, the schooling dropout probability has been very sensitive to the changes in the household’s per capita expenditure and the direct costs of schooling, whereas recently the other determinants have had only minor impacts. In terms of schooling, girls have benefited more than boys did from their household's per capita expenditure increase, while they have suffered more than boys did from an increase in the direct cost of schooling. These differences, however, recently have narrowed substantially. The dropout situation is also regional specific and hence, a comprehensive approach is needed to deal with it. Moreover, at present the low quality of education is serious problem. Together with the parents' incorrect perception of and the community’s attitude to education values, this may increase the possibility of children’s schooling dropout. The dropout situation is also very much dependent on the public funding for education, which is still not effective in reducing the household current excessive financial burden and still biased against the poor regions. The projection outcomes of the schooling dropout probability of children in the future up to 2015 is very much depending on the assumptions of the changes in the household’s per capita expenditure and the cost of schooling. When the growth rate of the cost of schooling is much higher (for example, by 1.2 percentage points) than that of the household’s per capita expenditure, the dropout rate would first decrease and increase again after 2010. The tentative assessments suggest that in these cases, there is a chance for Vietnam to achieve the national targets of the primary and lower secondary net enrolment rates in 2010. However, Vietnam could very hardly to achieve the MDG on the universal completion of primary education in 2015 and moreover, the achievements recorded by 2010 would be deteriorated. Regarding the scenarios, where the pace of changes in the cost of schooling is lower than that of the household’s per capita expenditure, the projections seem to provide a rather bright picture in terms of achieving the national education targets in 2010 and the MDG on education in 2015. The projections also show that there is a reason to be more optimistic about the elimination of the gender gap in education by 2010.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40162/3/wp776.pd

Can Vietnam Achieve One of its Millennium Development Goals? An analysis of schooling dropouts of children

The objectives of this study are to identify the underlying determinants of the schooling dropout in Vietnam and to project its trend in the future up to 2015. Our examination is largely based on the three Vietnam’s Living Standard Surveys conducted in 1992/93, 1997/98 and 2001/02 and the conventional framework of educational investment at the household level. The major determinants of the schooling dropout choice by households are found to be variables of child’s characteristics (such as age, working time, primary education, and number of siblings) and household economic situation (such as parental education, household’s per capita expenditure, and cost of schooling). In general, the effects of these determinants on the schooling dropout probability are statistically significant. In particular, the schooling dropout probability has been very sensitive to the changes in the household’s per capita expenditure and the direct costs of schooling, whereas recently the other determinants have had only minor impacts. In terms of schooling, girls have benefited more than boys did from their household's per capita expenditure increase, while they have suffered more than boys did from an increase in the direct cost of schooling. These differences, however, recently have narrowed substantially. The dropout situation is also regional specific and hence, a comprehensive approach is needed to deal with it. Moreover, at present the low quality of education is serious problem. Together with the parents' incorrect perception of and the community’s attitude to education values, this may increase the possibility of children’s schooling dropout. The dropout situation is also very much dependent on the public funding for education, which is still not effective in reducing the household current excessive financial burden and still biased against the poor regions. The projection outcomes of the schooling dropout probability of children in the future up to 2015 is very much depending on the assumptions of the changes in the household’s per capita expenditure and the cost of schooling. When the growth rate of the cost of schooling is much higher (for example, by 1.2 percentage points) than that of the household’s per capita expenditure, the dropout rate would first decrease and increase again after 2010. The tentative assessments suggest that in these cases, there is a chance for Vietnam to achieve the national targets of the primary and lower secondary net enrolment rates in 2010. However, Vietnam could very hardly to achieve the MDG on the universal completion of primary education in 2015 and moreover, the achievements recorded by 2010 would be deteriorated. Regarding the scenarios, where the pace of changes in the cost of schooling is lower than that of the household’s per capita expenditure, the projections seem to provide a rather bright picture in terms of achieving the national education targets in 2010 and the MDG on education in 2015. The projections also show that there is a reason to be more optimistic about the elimination of the gender gap in education by 2010.Vietnam, education, MDGs

Biofilm growth and chlorine stability in the recycled water distribution system

Wastewater recycling is widely practiced to solve water crises created by increasing demand due to rapid population growth and scarcity of resources arising from climate change. Certain treatment is always provided to meet the appropriate health guidelines of the recycled water. When water is distributed over the pipelines and tanks, microbes can regrow and deteriorate water quality, and hence a disinfectant, usually chlorine, is added to the water. Chlorine can still decay while in transport and the problem can exist. Optimal chlorine levels are therefore to be maintained after the treatment to ensure the water quality does not deteriorate. For such fundamental understanding of factors impacting chlorine residuals are needed in the recycled water. While there are a lot of studies on drinking water systems, there is a scarcity of information on recycled water chlorine stability. This work is aimed to fill the knowledge gap by investigating the Sydney Olympic Park Authority (SOPA) recycled water pipelines and pilot-scale biofilm reactor system set up at the water treatment plant to elucidate the fundamentals. An investigation was carried out to examine the water quality parameters that may degrade chlorine residuals in the recycled water distribution system of SOPA. Physicochemical parameters such as free chlorine, total chlorine, DOC, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and pH were measured in the bulk water samples. Biofilm growth potential of two different pipe materials under the similar environment, especially chlorine residuals of the storage reservoir before supplying to the distribution system was investigated to determine the role of biofilm components in decaying chlorine. Three flow cell columns of bioreactors containing biofilm coupons of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes were continuously operated for 105 days. Results were obtained from the examination of chlorine stability in the bulk water samples shows organic chloramine has reduced the effectiveness of chlorination. Chlorine decay in the water system occurred mainly due to inorganic and organic compounds such as metals deposition and bacterial activities, which were supported by the results of biofilm development data from the pilot-scale bioreactor system. Biofilm thickness, volume, mass and visualized images contribute an important role on understanding the decay of chlorine residuals. Over 15 weeks of biofilm development, the fluctuating chlorine trend of the recycled water in Sydney Olympic Park system has an adverse impact on biofilm constituents, bacteria cells and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production. As compared to traditional measurements, confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) provided different recording of multiple biofilm parameters with their subsequent visualization and quantification. In addition, discoloured water factors such as metals such as Fe, Mn deposition within biofilms were observed and the results illustrate that the discoloured water event could be related to presence of Fe and Mn in the recycled chlorinated systems. In all the samples, organic chloramine was found to be the dominant chlorine species in the recycled water distribution system. According to monitoring data, biofilms did not grow as fast as expected due to the presence of chlorine, organic chloramine, other unknown inhibitors and/or high flow rate. Free chlorine and slow-growing biofilms may oxidise Fe or Mn and influence the retention of these elements within the biofilm. Both PVC and HDPE had the same trend of increasing biofilm thickness as well as the biomass. HDPE pipe surfaces were more susceptible towards biofouling than PVC. EPS volume was usually higher than the bacterial cell volume in both pipe materials whereas EPS volume was higher in HDPE than PVC. The highest volume of EPS was approximately 4000 μm3/m2 compared to the highest volume of the bacterial cell about 2400 μm3/m2. The biofilm is not enough in the pipe materials to show the impact on decaying chlorine at concentrations range between 1 - 3 mg/L. Organic chloramine possibly plays a critical, but an unknown, role in determining the growth of biofilm and dirty water complaints through release of metals

CONSTRUINDO E DESENVOLVENDO A CULTURA VIETNAMITA: DA POLÍTICA À PRÁTICA

Culture plays an important role in the spiritual life of Vietnamese people. In the process of national construction and development, as a ruling party, the Communist Party of Vietnam has been aware of the position, role, and importance of culture. In many of its policies, the Communist Party of Vietnam has issued many guidelines and guidelines for building and developing Vietnam's culture. In particular, in recent years, many policies on culture have been promulgated and gradually entered into practice, bringing many practical results to the construction of people's lives and participation in building and developing the country. This study clearly shows the cultural policy of Vietnam in history, the process of penetrating into real life and proposes solutions to continue building and developing an advanced Vietnamese culture imbued with ​identity nation.A cultura desempenha um papel importante na vida espiritual do povo vietnamita. No processo de construção e desenvolvimento nacional, como partido governante, o Partido Comunista do Vietnã teve consciência da posição, do papel e da importância da cultura. Em muitas de suas políticas, o Partido Comunista do Vietnã emitiu muitas diretrizes e diretrizes para construir e desenvolver a cultura do Vietnã. Em particular, nos últimos anos, muitas políticas de cultura foram promulgadas e gradativamente colocadas em prática, trazendo muitos resultados práticos para a construção da vida das pessoas e a participação na construção e no desenvolvimento do país. Este estudo mostra claramente a política cultural do Vietnã na história, o processo de penetração na vida real e propõe soluções para continuar construindo e desenvolvendo uma cultura vietnamita avançada imbuída de identidade nacional

THE SOLUTION TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION FOR STUDENTS OF HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

On the basis of studying the status of physical examination and evaluation of students of the HCMC University of Technology and Education, the topic investigated the level of satisfaction of students and lecturers and investigated the causes. From there, the research propose some feasible solutions to improve this activity.  Article visualizations

EFFECTIVENESS IN APPLYING SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE SWIMMING PRACTICE SKILLS OF STUDENT AT THU DAU MOT UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM

Based on assessing the current situation of teaching and finding feasible solutions to improve students’ practical capacity of swimming at Thu Dau Mot University, the paper has assessed the effectiveness of innovatory solutions application. The results indicated that students’ health, technical skills and achievement were improved significantly.  Article visualizations

Economic performance of Vietnam, 1976-2000: New evidence from input-output model

This study provides a concise introduction to the economic history of Vietnam from 1976 to present. We identify different phases of the development of the Vietnamese economy, from its unification after a Vietnam war to the current phases of the transition (1989-2000) and propose a specific pattern of transition in the case of Vietnam. This research is the first attempt to make a synthesis quantitative analysis of socio-economic aggregate data during different phases of the Vietnamese economy in 1986-2000, in which different national input-output tables (1989, 1996 and 2000) in constant prices have been employed. The economic performances are investigated from three aspects: (i) evolution of domestic final demand; (ii) evolution of international trade structure and (iii) the technological change. The analysis shows economic history of Vietnam from 1986 up to present as a continuous evolutionary process and integration in to the international market is inevitable. Government programmes only played a vital role of accommodator to the economic changes of the Vietnamese economy.Input-output analysis, Vietnamese economy, Economic history, Transition economy, Macro-economic policy