9 research outputs found
Effect of Mixed Acid Catalysis on Pretreatment and Enzymatic Digestibility of Sugar Cane Bagasse
Aqueous pretreatment
using homogeneous acid catalyst is considered
as a low-cost technology in the production of lignocellulosic bioethanol.
To establish the synergism of mixed acids, pilot-level aqueous pretreatments
of bagasse covering a wide range of combined severity (CS) were carried
out. To investigate the effect of application of mixture of acids
on xylose hydrolysis as well as glucose hydrolysis via pretreatment
and enzymatic hydrolysis, the following three combinations of acids
were explored: (1) oxalic acid + sulfuric acid (organic + mineral
acid), (2) phosphoric + sulfuric acid (mineral acids), and (3) ferric
chloride + sulfuric acid (Lewis acid with a mineral acid). Of the
pretreatments evaluated, the synergism was most pronounced for the
combination of sulfuric and phosphoric acid, which resulted in more
than 90% conversion of hemicellulose to xylose and 70% conversion
of cellulose to glucose through enzymatic hydrolysis. Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) studies of pretreated samples showed higher syringyl/guaiacyl
(S/G) ratio for sulfuric and phosphoric acid combination pretreatment,
leading to higher enzymatic conversion. FTIR and dynamic light scattering
(DLS) experiments conducted on pretreated sugar cane bagasse provided
useful correlation with regard to the pretreatment type, particle
size, and enzymatic hydrolysis
Solution-processed white graphene-reinforced ferroelectric polymer nanocomposites with improved thermal conductivity and dielectric properties for electronic encapsulation
The recent surge in graphene research has stimulated interest in the investigation of various two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, including 2D boron nitride (BN) nanostructures. Among these, hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNs; also known as white graphene, as their structure is similar to that of graphene) have emerged as potential nanofillers for preparing thermally conductive composites. In this work, hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles (h-BNNPs) approximately 70 nm in size were incorporated into a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix with different loadings (0–25 wt.%). The PVDF/h-BNNP nanocomposites were prepared by a solution blending technique and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the thermal conductivity and dielectric properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The incorporation of h-BNNPs in the PVDF matrix resulted in enhanced thermal conductivity. The highest value, obtained at 25 wt.% h-BNNP loading, was 2.33 W/mK, which was five times that of the neat PVDF (0.41 W/mK). The thermal enhancement factor (TEF) at 5 wt.% h-BNNP loading was 78%, increasing to 468% at 25 wt.% h-BNNP loading. The maximum dielectric constant of approximately 36.37 (50Hz, 150 °C) was obtained at 25 wt.% h-BNNP loading, which was three times that of neat PVDF (11.94) at the same frequency and temperature. The aforementioned results suggest that these multifunctional and high-performance nanocomposites hold great promise for application in electronic encapsulation.Scopu