Dispersión del amoníaco proveniente de una granja avícola en Santa Bárbara (Cundinamarca, Colombia) y su valoración cualitativa

Se hizo un análisis de la dispersión del amoníaco proveniente de una granja avícola en la vereda de Santa Bárbara, municipio de Tena (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Se utilizaron cuatro galpones de ambiente no controlado en el que se hicieron mediciones de las concentraciones de amoníaco en el centro de los galpones y cada 250 m siguiendo las orientaciones de acuerdo con las direcciones cardinales (norte, sur, este y oeste). Las mediciones se hicieron durante un ciclo productivo de 50 días, con tres lecturas al día (08:00, 12:00, 18:00). También se hizo una valoración cualitativa de percepciones sociales a las personas que viven en un radio de 1 km de la granja avícola. Se encontró que las emisiones de amoníaco estuvieron relacionadas con el ciclo reproductivo y no con las horas del día. Así mismo, la concentración de amoníaco estuvo relacionada con la temperatura, pero no con la velocidad del viento. La distancia máxima con concentraciones relevantes de amoníaco fue de 361 m, lo cual no representa una amenaza para la población aledaña; sin embargo, la población percibe impactos a la calidad de vida asociados a olores ofensivos provenientes de la granja.An analysis of the dispersion of ammonia from a poultry farm was carried out in the village of Santa Bárbara, municipality of Tena (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Four uncontrolled chicken houses were used in which measurements of ammonia concentrations were made in the centre of the sheds and every 250 m following the orientations according to cardinal directions (north, south, east, west). Measurements were made during a productive cycle of 50 days, with three readings per day (08:00, 12:00, 18:00). A qualitative assessment of social perceptions was also made to people living within a 1 km radius of the poultry farm. It was found that ammonia emissions were related to the reproductive cycle and not to the hours of the day. Also, the concentration of ammonia was related to temperature, but not to wind speed. The maximum distance with relevant concentrations of ammonia was 361 m, which does not represent a threat to the surrounding population; however, the population perceives impacts to the quality of life associated with offensive odours coming from the farm

Ecosystem services in urban ecological infrastructure of Latin America and the Caribbean: How do they contribute to urban planning?

We developed a conceptual framework that describes the key role of ecosystem services in urban ecological infrastructure. From this framework we analyze how research on ecosystem services has been addressed in cities of Latin America and the Caribbean, in order to discuss their incorporation into policies of urban planning, in thecontext of nature-based solutions and sustainable development goals. Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Colombia andArgentina represent 90% of research in urban ecosystem services, all of them except Colombia had carried outstudies considering green, blue and gray-hybrid infrastructures. However, green-hybrid infrastructure clusteredmost of the studies. Ecosystem service supply component and intermediate beneficiaries are the most studied.Our results show that most studies have not been developed from the perspective of the biophysical, sociocul-tural or economic assessment of ecosystem services, on the contrary we recognized or deduced them fromproxy variables found within the studies. Ourfindings suggest that the study of urban ecosystem services inLatin America and the Caribbean is in development and has begun to increase in the last decade. However, wefound that the incorporation of urban ecosystem services in urban planning is low, but at the same time, it isin a promising development related to the application of innovative actions such as nature-based solutionsand in support of the new global urban agenda

Restauración ecológica participativa y servicios ecosistémicos culturales: una relación necesaria

Background and Aims: Inclusion of cultural ecosystem services in participatory ecological restoration projects is scarce, despite being recognized as important. The objective of this study was to analyse the role of cultural ecosystem services associated with participatory ecological restoration processes in the Ecoparque Sabana, municipality of Tocancipá, Colombia, by assessing the perceptions and social representations of the stakeholders of the process.Methods: A semi-structured interview was applied to administrators, workers and visitors of the Ecopark,as well as inhabitants of the municipality Tocancipá, to assess the perceptions and social representations of the stakeholders of the process. Ecosystem services evaluated were scenic beauty, spiritual and artistic inspiration, sense of place, social relationships, ecotourism, educational value and cultural heritage. The information was anal-ysed using text mining, discourse analysis, and multiple correspondence analysis.Key results: Cultural ecosystem services play a key role within the participatory ecological restoration process. Participatory ecological restoration processes generated a positive perception in the majority of the interviewees (91%). Moreover, differences were found in the perceptions of services according to the group of actors to which they belong, gender and place of residence (rural/urban). The increase in the number of visits resulted in an increase in the support from visitors to the restauration process. Educational values and ecotourism gave added value to restoration processes, since they promote social relations, conservation and generate deep-rooted relationships.Conclusions: Incorporating ecosystem services including cultural ones, in participatory ecological restoration processes is necessary. The importance of the cultural component was verified as the restoration progressed, evidencing the strengthening of the link between the recovery of biophysical aspects with cultural aspects in the generation of social context (tejido social).Antecedentes y Objetivos: La incorporación de los servicios ecosistémicos culturales en los proyectos de restauración ecológica participativa es muy escasa, a pesar de reconocerse como importante. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el papel de los servicios ecosistémicos culturales asociados a procesos de restauración ecológica participativa en el Ecoparque Sabana en el municipio Tocancipá, Colombia, mediante la valoración de percepciones y representaciones sociales de los actores del proceso. Métodos: Para valorar las percepciones y representaciones sociales, se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada a administrativos, trabajadores y visitantes del Ecoparque, así como a habitantes del municipio Tocancipá. Se evaluaron los servicios ecosistémicos de belleza escénica, inspiración espiritual y artística, sentido de lugar, relaciones sociales, ecoturismo, valor educativo y patrimonio cultural. La información se analizó mediante minería de texto, análisis del discurso y análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Resultados clave: Los servicios ecosistémicos culturales cumplen un papel clave dentro del proceso de restauración ecológica participativa. Este tipo de procesos de restauración generaron en la mayoría de los entrevistados (91%) una percepción positiva. Adicionalmente, se encontraron diferencias en las percepciones sobre los servicios ecosistémicos de acuerdo con el grupo de actores al que pertenecen, género y residencia (rural/urbana). El aumento del número de visitas resultó en un incremento del arraigo de los visitantes hacia el proceso de restauración. El valor educativo y el ecoturismo brindan un valor agregado a los procesos de restauración, ya que promueven las relaciones sociales, la conservación y generan relaciones de arraigo. Conclusiones: Incorporar la valoración sociocultural de servicios ecosistémicos, incluyendo los culturales, en los procesos de restauración ecológica participativa es necesario. Se comprobó el fortalecimiento del vínculo entre la recuperación de aspectos biofísicos con los aspectos culturales en la generación de tejido social a medida que avanza la restauración

Participatory ecological restoration and cultural ecosystem services: a necessary relationship

Antecedentes y Objetivos: La incorporación de los servicios ecosistémicos culturales en los proyectos de restauración ecológica participativa es muy escasa, a pesar de reconocerse como importante. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el papel de los servicios ecosistémicos culturales asociados a procesos de restauración ecológica participativa en el Ecoparque Sabana en el municipio Tocancipá, Colombia, mediante la valoración de percepciones y representaciones sociales de los actores del proceso. Métodos: Para valorar las percepciones y representaciones sociales, se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada a administrativos, trabajadores y visitantes del Ecoparque, así como a habitantes del municipio Tocancipá. Se evaluaron los servicios ecosistémicos de belleza escénica, inspiración espiritual y artística, sentido de lugar, relaciones sociales, ecoturismo, valor educativo y patrimonio cultural. La información se analizó mediante minería de texto, análisis del discurso y análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Resultados clave: Los servicios ecosistémicos culturales cumplen un papel clave dentro del proceso de restauración ecológica participativa. Este tipo de procesos de restauración generaron en la mayoría de los entrevistados (91%) una percepción positiva. Adicionalmente, se encontraron diferencias en las percepciones sobre los servicios ecosistémicos de acuerdo con el grupo de actores al que pertenecen, género y residencia (rural/urbana). El aumento del número de visitas resultó en un incremento del arraigo de los visitantes hacia el proceso de restauración. El valor educativo y el ecoturismo brindan un valor agregado a los procesos de restauración, ya que promueven las relaciones sociales, la conservación y generan relaciones de arraigo. Conclusiones: Incorporar la valoración sociocultural de servicios ecosistémicos, incluyendo los culturales, en los procesos de restauración ecológica participativa es necesario. Se comprobó el fortalecimiento del vínculo entre la recuperación de aspectos biofísicos con los aspectos culturales en la generación de tejido social a medida que avanza la restauración.Background and Aims: Inclusion of cultural ecosystem services in participatory ecological restoration projects is scarce, despite being recognized as important. The objective of this study was to analyse the role of cultural ecosystem services associated with participatory ecological restoration processes in the Ecoparque Sabana, municipality of Tocancipá, Colombia, by assessing the perceptions and social representations of the stakeholders of the process. Methods: A semi-structured interview was applied to administrators, workers and visitors of the Ecopark, as well as inhabitants of the municipality Tocancipá, to assess the perceptions and social representations of the stakeholders of the process. Ecosystem services evaluated were scenic beauty, spiritual and artistic inspiration, sense of place, social relationships, ecotourism, educational value and cultural heritage. The information was analysed using text mining, discourse analysis, and multiple correspondence analysis. Key results: Cultural ecosystem services play a key role within the participatory ecological restoration process. Participatory ecological restoration processes generated a positive perception in the majority of the interviewees (91%). Moreover, differences were found in the perceptions of services according to the group of actors to which they belong, gender and place of residence (rural/urban). The increase in the number of visits resulted in an increase in the support from visitors to the restauration process. Educational values and ecotourism gave added value to restoration processes, since they promote social relations, conservation and generate deep-rooted relationships. Conclusions: Incorporating ecosystem services including cultural ones, in participatory ecological restoration processes is necessary. The importance of the cultural component was verified as the restoration progressed, evidencing the strengthening of the link between the recovery of biophysical aspects with cultural aspects in the generation of social context (tejido social)

Vulnerabilidad ecológica del complejo de páramos Chilí-Barragán, Colombia, a los incrementos de temperatura en un escenario de cambio climático

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad evaluar la vulnerabilidad ecológica del complejo de páramos Chilí-Barragán a los incrementos de la temperatura en el escenario de cambio climático RCP 6,0 para el periodo 1981-2095. Para lo cual se deben estimar los incrementos de la temperatura del periodo 1981-2010 y 2011-2095, determinar el impacto potencial y el potencial de recuperación del complejo de páramos Chilí-Barragán.La evaluación de la vulnerabilidad ecológica se llevó a cabo con diferentes índices e indicadores, entre los que se destaca el índice de vulnerabilidad ecológica. Los métodos que se emplearon son el del proceso analítico jerárquico y opinión de expertos.En el complejo se encontró un incremento de la temperatura media de 0,79 °C (1981-2010) y de 2,12 °C (2011-2095). Un potencial de recuperación medio y un impacto potencial alto. La vulnerabilidad ecológica es en su mayor medida alta, y representa el 47,51% del área del complejo

Trade-offs between ecosystem services and alternative pathways toward sustainability in a tropical dry forest region

The design of strategies aimed at sustainable resource management requires an understanding of the trade-offs between the ecosystem services at stake, to determine appropriate ways in which to navigate them. We assess trade-offs between forage production for cattle ranching and the maintenance of carbon stocks or tree diversity in a Mexican tropical dry forest. Trade-offs between pairs of services were assessed by identifying their efficiency frontiers at both site and landscape scales. We also estimated service outcomes under current and hypothetical land-management conditions. We found stark trade-offs between fodder and carbon stocks and between fodder and tree species richness at the site scale. At the landscape scale, the efficiency frontier was concave, with a much less pronounced trade-off in the fodder-species richness case. Our estimates of current service supply levels showed a reduction of 18-21% for C stock and 41-43% for fodder biomass, relative to the maximum feasible values along the efficiency frontier. Choice of the optimum management strategy to reduce such inefficiency depended on deforestation level: secondary forest regeneration was most suitable when deforestation is low, whereas increased fodder productivity in the pastures is best when deforestation is high. Pasture enrichment with forage trees and secondary forest growth are potential management alternatives for achieving sustainability given the range of enabling ecological factors and to balance ecological and social sustainability given the requirements and preferences of local stakeholders. Given that analogous trade-offs are found across the tropics, this work contributes to reconciling tropical forest maintenance and its use for sustainable rural livelihoods

Trade-offs between ecosystem services and alternative pathways toward sustainability in a tropical dry forest region

The design of strategies aimed at sustainable resource management requires an understanding of the trade-offs between the ecosystem services at stake, to determine appropriate ways in which to navigate them. We assess trade-offs between forage production for cattle ranching and the maintenance of carbon stocks or tree diversity in a Mexican tropical dry forest. Trade-offs between pairs of services were assessed by identifying their efficiency frontiers at both site and landscape scales. We also estimated service outcomes under current and hypothetical land-management conditions. We found stark trade-offs between fodder and carbon stocks and between fodder and tree species richness at the site scale. At the landscape scale, the efficiency frontier was concave, with a much less pronounced trade-off in the fodder-species richness case. Our estimates of current service supply levels showed a reduction of 18-21% for C stock and 41-43% for fodder biomass, relative to the maximum feasible values along the efficiency frontier. Choice of the optimum management strategy to reduce such inefficiency depended on deforestation level: secondary forest regeneration was most suitable when deforestation is low, whereas increased fodder productivity in the pastures is best when deforestation is high. Pasture enrichment with forage trees and secondary forest growth are potential management alternatives for achieving sustainability given the range of enabling ecological factors and to balance ecological and social sustainability given the requirements and preferences of local stakeholders. Given that analogous trade-offs are found across the tropics, this work contributes to reconciling tropical forest maintenance and its use for sustainable rural livelihoods

Linking biodiversity, ecosystem services, and beneficiaries of tropical dry forests of Latin America: Review and new perspectives

We conducted a systematic literature review to identify and analyze research linking biodiversity, ecosystem services and their beneficiaries in tropical dry forests of Latin America. By assessing 71 studies published in the last 20 years, we addressed two questions: i) when research on links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and beneficiaries began and which of these links have been addressed the most? ii) how these links were addressed? Research on links began in 1997. Studies have been carried out mostly on a local scale and lasted for one year or more. Links between biodiversity and ecosystem services were the most frequently addressed (24% of total studies) considering biodiversity as a regulator of ecosystem processes. Plants and mammals? abundance and richness were mainly linked with regulating and provisioning services. While these links have started to be addressed, only five studies actually linked the three components. It is necessary to redirect efforts towards studies effectively linking ecosystem services and beneficiaries, a link that still remains scarcely addressed. The current challenge for research is to incorporate the beneficiaries into the study of ecosystem services in tropical dry forests of Latin America and fill the information gaps by promoting long-term studies at larger spatial scales.Fil: Quijas, Sandra. Universidad de Guadalajara; MéxicoFil: Romero-Duque, Luz Piedad. Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales; ColombiaFil: Trilleras, Jenny M.. Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales; ColombiaFil: Conti, Georgina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Kolb, Melanie. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Brignone, Elisa. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; ArgentinaFil: Dellafiore, Claudia Marisel. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Argentin