IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS WILAYAH PERSEBARAN SAMPAH MASYARAKAT MAKASSAR UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN TATA KELOLA SMART CITY

IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS WILAYAH PERSEBARANSAMPAH MASYARAKAT MAKASSAR UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN TATA KELOLASMART CIT

The Efficacy of GoPro Cameras to Account for Northern Bobwhites Flushed, But Undetected During Aerial Surveys

Estimating density and abundance is central to wildlife conservation for planning and decision-making purposes. Development of model-based techniques, such as distance sampling, allows researchers to estimate density with the inclusion of detection probabilities. However, the reliability of estimates obtained through this method are dependent upon the satisfaction of underlying assumptions, the most critical being that objects at zero distance from the observer be detected with 100% certainty. Conventional distance sampling, where line transects are traversed from an aerial platform, is a commonly used method to estimate northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) density over large, open areas. The restricted observer view from the helicopter raises concerns over undetected coveys flushing behind the helicopter. Our goal is to determine if GoPro cameras are a viable option to see coveys, if any, flushing behind the helicopter and thus, undetected by observers. We attached 2 GoPro Hero3+ cameras to a Robinson-44 helicopter while traversing line-transects during distance-sampling surveys in December 2015. Surveys were flown using 4 observers at an altitude of 10 m and a speed of 37 km/hour. Cameras were attached on either side of the helicopter to the door frame located between the front and backseats. We positioned GoPros facing down and toward the rear (tail) of the helicopter, a vantage point where observers may not be able to continually monitor. We set GoPros on video mode with a resolution of 960p and 60 frames per second. We will analyze the data by comparing video footage from the left and right side of the helicopter to time-stamped detection data. Preliminary analyses indicate that instances of coveys flushing behind the helicopter flight path are rare events. These data may be used to provide a correction factor to density estimates as well as provide us with insight into bobwhite response to helicopter activity

Effects of Two Commercial Game Bird Feeds on Captive Northern Bobwhite Chick Growth Rates

Supplemental feeding of northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) is a widespread management practice. Bobwhite chicks in the wild consume only arthropods for their first 30–60 days of life. Arthropods may become less abundant and managers have supplied bobwhites with supplemental feed during times of drought to mitigate the lack of arthropods. We compared growth rates of captive bobwhite chicks consuming a new, commercial 24% crude protein supplement to growth rates of bobwhites consuming a commercial 30% crude protein complete ration. There was no male/female bias related to chick growth. Chicks consuming the 24% protein diet grew slower and reached adult mass (150 g) 1 month later than birds on the 30% protein diet. Birds grew 4–6 times faster than documented rates from wild chicks in Florida, but this is attributed to captivity bias. A 24% protein supplement has insufficient protein to optimize growth of bobwhites and is a poor substitute for arthropods in time of drought. A 30% protein diet has sufficient nutrient levels to justify further research as a supplement to mitigate a lack of arthropods in times of drought

A Presence-Absence Survey to Monitor Montezuma Quail in Western Texas

Developing an effective monitoring program for Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) is challenging because the technique must be practical for surveying vast, remote landscapes while accounting for the species’ low detectability. We used call-back surveys within a presence–absence framework to estimate occupancy and detection probability of Montezuma quail and used this information in conjunction with habitat data to develop an estimated probability of occurrence map for the species. We established survey points at 4 sites in western Texas (n = 20–30 points/site) and conducted 5 repeat surveys/season during June–August 2007 and 2008. We documented abiotic conditions (temperature, time of day, survey number, and year) during surveys and quantified microhabitat (% bare ground, food-plant density, vegetation height, and visual obstruction) and macrohabitat (vegetation type, elevation, aspect, and slope) at survey points. We then used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate the influence of micro- and macro-habitat on detection probability and occupancy at a local and regional scale, respectively. At a microhabitat scale, the most parsimonious model (ΔAICc R2 = 0.46) suggested detection probability was influenced primarily by year (βYear = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.24–1.57), with occupancy being influenced primarily (but minimally) by year (βYear = –59.7, 95% CI = –179.0–59.6) and vegetation-height (βVH = 67.7, 95% CI = –71.9–207.4). This model indicated that detection probability decreased from 2007 (0.40; 95% CI = 0.31–0.49) to 2008 (0.21; 95% CI = 0.14–0.32), as did occupancy (1.00 vs. 0.72, respectively), which corresponded to a transition from a relatively wet to dry year. At a macrohabitat scale, the most parsimonious model (ΔAICc R2 = 0.20) suggested occupancy was influenced by elevation (βElevation = 1.11 ± 0.56) and vegetation type (βVegetation type 2 = –3.17 ± 1.26; βVegetation type 3 = –1.20 ± 1.18), and we used these variables to construct a first-approximation, probability of occupancy map. Given our findings, presence–absence surveys may be a viable approach for monitoring Montezuma quail populations through time, and use of a probability of occupancy map can help with efficient allocation of survey points and effort. However, the viability of using a presence–absence approach to monitor Montezuma quail populations will depend on whether sampling effort can be increased sufficiently to obtain more precise estimates of occupancy. In addition, our probability of occupancy map should be regarded as a first approximation and further research should be conducted to refine the relationships

The Efficacy of Video Cameras to Account for Northern Bobwhites Flushed, but Undetected During Aerial Surveys

Over the past 20 years, conventional distance sampling from a helicopter platform has been used to estimate northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter, bobwhite) density over large areas of rangeland vegetation. However, it has been speculated that aerial surveys can complicate the ability to meet the distance sampling assumption of detecting 100% of the target objects on the transect line due to the restricted observer view from the helicopter. We attempted to use video cameras to determine whether missed detections occurred and whether digital methods could improve the precision of bobwhite density estimates. Our objectives were to 1) determine whether video cameras are a viable option to detect if coveys are flushing behind the helicopter and missed by observers, 2) determine whether coveys are flushing underneath the helicopter and missed by observers, and 3) explore the use of video cameras in a mark-recapture distance sampling (MRDS) framework. We recorded video while traversing line-transects with a helicopter during 4 distance-sampling surveys across 2 ranches in South Texas, USA. For objective 1, we reviewed footage from cameras with a backward-facing view and detected only 1 pair of bobwhites (0.001% of 889 coveys detected) that flushed on video footage recorded during the surveys but were unnoticed by observers. These results indicated that when coveys flushed, they rarely flushed behind the helicopter, and the helicopter flew at what seemed to be the proper speed and altitude to detect late flushes. For objective 2, we reviewed footage from a helicopter-mounted camera that was recorded within a swath underneath the helicopter’s center. We recorded 22 flushes within the swath, none of which was missed by the observers in the helicopter; as a result, we could not complete an MRDS analysis in Program Distance. This study improved confidence in fulfilling the assumptions of distance sampling and resulting density estimates but was limited to flushing birds only

Effects of Carbohydrate-Based and Protein-Carbohydrate Rations on Wild Bobwhite Nesting and Harvest Demographics

Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) reproduction is a nutrient-intensive process. Arthropods are essential for breeding bobwhite hens and their offspring. Traditional supplemental feeding programs use corn and milo and typically neglect the protein needs of bobwhites. Commercial bobwhite rations are widely available but are seldom used in feeding programs due to high cost and lack of an appropriate supplement for field use. We compared the effect of a protein-carbohydrate ration (PC) to the effects of a carbohydrate only ration (CO) on: (1) bobwhite hen nesting demographics (clutch size, ordinal clutch initiation date, Mayfield nest survival), and (2) fall relative abundance (coveys moved/hr hunting). Nesting parameters for bobwhites based on a sample of 60 hens during the 2008 breeding season in South Texas were statistically similar based on overlap of 95% confidence intervals for both the PC and CO supplements. Mayfield nest success was high for both the PC ration (75.2%) and the CO ration (73.1%). Coveys moved during hunting (4.17 6 14 coveys/hr in pastures with CO feed and 4.2 6 12.5 coveys/hr in pastures with PC feed) did not differ during the 2008–2009 hunting season. The 2009 nesting season was a failure because all study animals died due to drought. Weekly Kaplan-Meier survival estimates of bobwhite hens were 6 times higher in 2008 than in 2009. The PC ration in our study provided no benefit to bobwhite populations or enhancement of wild bobwhite reproductive parameters over the CO ration. The additional cost of using PC over CO is not justified based on our results

Northern Bobwhite Age Ratios and Productivity at the Individual Property Scale in South Texas

Annual adult survival rate (Sˆ) and finite rate of population growth (k) are critical parameters that must be considered when subjecting a species to annual harvest. We used a data set of 148 estimates of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) juvenile: adult age ratios (R) derived from hunter-harvested wings in the South Texas Plains to estimate these parameters. Data were collected from 1940 to 1976 and from 1983 to 2008. We used adjusted estimates of R to account for higher harvest vulnerability of juveniles, and the regional estimate of Sˆ (30.6% based on a stable population) to calculate estimates of k at the ranch (~800 2,000 ha) scale. Mean (6 SE) adjusted R was 2.79 6 0.13 juveniles: adult. Assuming a stable population (i.e., k 1⁄4 1), mean (6 SE) regional Sˆ was 30.6 6 0.1%. Given an annual Sˆ of 30.6%, mean regional k was 1.16 6 0.04, and single year k estimates ranged from 0.40 to 3.03 among individual properties. These data have important implications for bobwhite harvest management because they identify the potential for highly variable population growth rates (k) at a localized scale. There is an increased probability of overharvesting the population when local populations are declining. Our data indicate using only a regional estimate of k may mask local population trends, which has the potential for mismanagement of harvest within a given property by making harvest recommendations that are too high (overharvest) or too conservative (loss of opportunity)

Behaviour and nesting ecology of Appalachian Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus)

The substantial decline of Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) in the southern Appalachian Mountains has been attributed in part to poor recruitment with possible links to nesting ecology. However, despite extensive research, the incubation ecology of Ruffed Grouse remains poorly understood. During 1999–2001 in West Virginia, we used videography of nesting female Ruffed Grouse to (1) quantify incubation constancy (minutes on the nest/minutes recorded) and nest survival during incubation, (2) determine whether incubation constancy predicts hatch success (proportion of eggs hatched per clutch), (3) determine the effect of the onset of laying on incubation constancy and hatch success, and (4) quantify nest visitors and depredation. Females spent about 96% of the recorded time incubating their clutches. Average incubation time per day increased by 1 h between day 1 and day 24 of incubation. Females generally left their nests twice daily, once in the morning between 0700 and 1000 for 31.7 ± 2.4 minutes (standard error) and again in the evening between 1600 and 1800 for 33.6 ± 1.5 minutes. Daily survival of nests (99.3 ± 0.4%) and nest survival for the incubation period (84.9 ± 9.3%) were high. Hatch success (the proportion of eggs that hatched among nests where at least one hatched) was high: 94.9 ± 0.02%. We found no relation between incubation constancy and hatch success. We recorded American Black Bear (Ursus americanus), Raccoon (Procyon lotor), and Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata) as nest predators

Using lake sediments to assess the long-term impacts of anthropogenic activity in tropical river deltas

Tropical river deltas, and the social-ecological systems they sustain, are changing rapidly due to anthropogenic activity and climatic change. Baseline data to inform sustainable management options for resilient deltas is urgently needed and palaeolimnology (reconstructing past conditions from lake or wetland deposits) can provide crucial long-term perspectives needed to identify drivers and rates of change. We review how palaeolimnology can be a valuable tool for resource managers using three current issues facing tropical delta regions: hydrology and sediment supply, salinisation and nutrient pollution. The unique ability of palaeolimnological methods to untangle multiple stressors is also discussed. We demonstrate how palaeolimnology has been used to understand each of these issues, in other aquatic environments, to be incorporated into policy. Palaeolimnology is a key tool to understanding how anthropogenic influences interact with other environmental stressors, providing policymakers and resource managers with a ‘big picture’ view and possible holistic solutions that can be implemented

Transient tissue priming via ROCK inhibition uncouples pancreatic cancer progression, sensitivity to chemotherapy, and metastasis

The emerging standard of care for patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer is a combination of cytotoxic drugs gemcitabine and Abraxane, but patient response remains moderate. Pancreatic cancer development and metastasis occur in complex settings, with reciprocal feedback from microenvironmental cues influencing both disease progression and drug response. Little is known about how sequential dual targeting of tumor tissue tension and vasculature before chemotherapy can affect tumor response. We used intravital imaging to assess how transient manipulation of the tumor tissue, or "priming," using the pharmaceutical Rho kinase inhibitor Fasudil affects response to chemotherapy. Intravital Förster resonance energy transfer imaging of a cyclin-dependent kinase 1 biosensor to monitor the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs revealed that priming improves pancreatic cancer response to gemcitabine/Abraxane at both primary and secondary sites. Transient priming also sensitized cells to shear stress and impaired colonization efficiency and fibrotic niche remodeling within the liver, three important features of cancer spread. Last, we demonstrate a graded response to priming in stratified patient-derived tumors, indicating that fine-tuned tissue manipulation before chemotherapy may offer opportunities in both primary and metastatic targeting of pancreatic cancer