Teaching a culture of care: Why it matters

The use of animal in biomedical research remains a critical compromise. Research and higher education institutions play a major role in educating on the use of animal and such training is expected to translate into the development of a culture of care practice across all staff working with animals. But nurturing a “culture of care” and impacting in professional attitudes in the field of animal research remains challenging due to its social, ethical and different institutional frameworks. From an educational perspective, current practice remains challenged by the need for better integration of inter-cultural perceptions on animal welfare, supported by more cross disciplinary integration in educational curriculum including the relevance of the 3Rs principles and promoting reflective practice strategies.  Institutional support is crucial to provide a safe, and supportive framework to promote such caring ethos. Our aim is to discuss practical actions to implement and assess culture of care, highlighting its direct impact on the professional integrity of staff which is directly linked to research and education excellence. Seeking a global welfare for all the beings involved and supporting individual and team reflective practice will provide better tools to guarantee the best care of the animals

In vitro production of horse embryos: fundamental aspects

Developments in assisted reproduction have provided valuable tools for sub-fertility treatment and for selective breeding in animals. In horses, techniques such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer are used successfully to aid genetic progress but the commercial application of other assisted reproductive techniques, such as in vitro production of embryos (IVP), has been severely restricted by their low efficiency. The development of culture systems that can support embryo development in vitro to a stage suitable for transfer to the uterus of recipient mares has been slow and the state-of-the-art far behind that in other species. This thesis has focused on the complex cellular events that take place in the oocyte during maturation and fertilization and, later on, during early embryo development that may help to define and solve the problems that have thus far hampered IVP. The first objective was to investigate why in oocytes matured in vitro (IVM) have a lower developmental capacity their in vivo counterparts and how to improve the quality of cytoplasmic maturation and its synchrony with nuclear maturation. The control of oocyte maturation in vivo is dictated primarily by its follicular and the maternal endocrinological environment and, using this rationale, we demonstrated that the follicular wall, and in particular the theca cells, play an important role in maintaining the horse oocytes in meiotic arrest during culture. Such culture conditions may enhance cytoplasmic maturation improving the developmental competence of in vitro matured oocytes (IVM). The complex interdependency of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation was also demonstrated by describing the cytoskeletal restructuring that accompany the process of chromosomal alignment and segregation during meiosis in the horse oocyte. Poor fertilization rates obtained with conventional IVF remain the greatest obstacle to large-scale horse IVP. The interaction between sperm and oocyte during IVF was investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy showing that sperm was able to bound to but not penetrate the zona pellucida of both in vivo and in vitro matured oocytes. The bound sperm did not undergo acrosome reaction, indicating that failed oocyte penetration is most probably due to inadequate sperm activation. The problems of conventional IVF can be overcome by ICSI and, in this study, the nuclear and cytoskeletal events that occur in horse oocytes fertilized by ICSI were described, with special attention to the stages at which fertilization or zygote development fails. Sperm incorporation and fusion of the parental genomes were shown to involve a complex series of cytoskeletal changes, and comparison of zygotes and parthenotes showed that both gametes contribute to the formation of the zygotic centrosome. Even after successful fertilization, however, the rate of blastocyst production in vitro is low, presumably because of inadequacies in culture conditions. The structural and cellular characteristics of horse embryos produced totally in vitro or by temporary transfer to the oviduct of surrogate sheep, were compared with those of in vivo produced embryos. IVP embryos were smaller, had fewer cells, high rates of apoptosis and disrupted microfilaments patterns than in vivo embryos. In addition, IVP embryos secreted capsular material but failed to coalescence into a complete capsule enveloping the embryo. Finally the organization of the chromatin and cytoskeleton of cloned horse embryos constructed using adult or fetal fibroblasts was correlated with the success of nuclear reprogramming and the degree of subsequent developmental disturbance

Comentarios sobre la Directiva Europea 2010/63/EU para la protección de animales de laboratorio

El 20 de Octubre del 2010 se publico la nueva Directiva Europea 2010/63/EU sobre la protección de los animales utilizados en procedimientos científicos. Dicha publicación en el Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea supone el inicio de su tramitación para su entrada en vigor como ley Europea. Los países miembros tienen ahora un periodo de dos años para implementar dicha directiva como documento legal asegurando su completa entrada en vigor para Enero del 2013. En este artículo se realiza un análisis comparativo de la nueva Directiva 2010/63/EU y la normativa actual vigente en el Reino Unido, referente mundial en el área de protección de animales de laboratorio. La nueva Directiva reconoce la importancia de la utilización de animales de experimentación en los avances científicos, pero reforzando la defensa y el respeto del valor intrínseco del ser animal. En este sentido la Directiva representa un importante avance para la protección del bienestar animal en todos los estados miembros, con el objetivo de armonizar la legislación vigente. Si bien varios países ya disponen de una legislación bastante progresiva, la implementación de la nueva directiva representa una excelente oportunidad para asentar y/o homogeneizar criterios de alto estándar de protección del bienestar animal en todos los países miembros, reforzando así el compromiso de la Unión Europea con la investigación científica y el respeto al bienestar de los animales de experimentación. On 20th October 2010 the new 2010/63/EU European directive on the protection of animals used in scientific procedures was published in the Official Journal of the European Union, entering into force as a European law. Member States now have a period of two years to implement the directive as a legal document ensuring its full legal binding by January 2013. This article undertakes a comparative analysis between the new directive 2010/63/EU and the current regulatory system in the UK, which is an international reference in the protection of laboratory animals. The new directive recognizes the importance of the use of animal experiments in scientific advances, but ensuring the defence and respect for the intrinsic values of the animals. In this regard the directive represents an important advance for the protection of animal welfare in all the Member States, with the aim of harmonizing such values in the EU current legislation. While several countries already have fairly progressive legislation, the implementation of the new directive represents an excellent opportunity to reinforce high criteria levels in the defence of animal welfare throughout all the Member States. This represents a good opportunity for the EU to reinforce its commitment with the scientific research and the welfare of experimental animals

Comentarios sobre la Directiva Europea 2010/63/EU para la protección de animales de laboratorio

El 20 de Octubre del 2010 se publico la nueva Directiva Europea 2010/63/EU sobre la protección de los animales utilizados en procedimientos científicos. Dicha publicación en el Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea supone el inicio de su tramitación para su entrada en vigor como ley Europea. Los países miembros tienen ahora un periodo de dos años para implementar dicha directiva como documento legal asegurando su completa entrada en vigor para Enero del 2013. En este artículo se realiza un análisis comparativo de la nueva Directiva 2010/63/EU y la normativa actual vigente en el Reino Unido, referente mundial en el área de protección de animales de laboratorio. La nueva Directiva reconoce la importancia de la utilización de animales de experimentación en los avances científicos, pero reforzando la defensa y el respeto del valor intrínseco del ser animal. En este sentido la Directiva representa un importante avance para la protección del bienestar animal en todos los estados miembros, con el objetivo de armonizar la legislación vigente. Si bien varios países ya disponen de una legislación bastante progresiva, la implementación de la nueva directiva representa una excelente oportunidad para asentar y/o homogeneizar criterios de alto estándar de protección del bienestar animal en todos los países miembros, reforzando así el compromiso de la Unión Europea con la investigación científica y el respeto al bienestar de los animales de experimentación. On 20th October 2010 the new 2010/63/EU European directive on the protection of animals used in scientific procedures was published in the Official Journal of the European Union, entering into force as a European law. Member States now have a period of two years to implement the directive as a legal document ensuring its full legal binding by January 2013. This article undertakes a comparative analysis between the new directive 2010/63/EU and the current regulatory system in the UK, which is an international reference in the protection of laboratory animals. The new directive recognizes the importance of the use of animal experiments in scientific advances, but ensuring the defence and respect for the intrinsic values of the animals. In this regard the directive represents an important advance for the protection of animal welfare in all the Member States, with the aim of harmonizing such values in the EU current legislation. While several countries already have fairly progressive legislation, the implementation of the new directive represents an excellent opportunity to reinforce high criteria levels in the defence of animal welfare throughout all the Member States. This represents a good opportunity for the EU to reinforce its commitment with the scientific research and the welfare of experimental animals.El 20 de Octubre del 2010 se publico la nueva Directiva Europea 2010/63/EU sobre la protección de los animales utilizados en procedimientos científicos. Dicha publicación en el Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea supone el inicio de su tramitación para su entrada en vigor como ley Europea. Los países miembros tienen ahora un periodo de dos años para implementar dicha directiva como documento legal asegurando su completa entrada en vigor para Enero del 2013. En este artículo se realiza un análisis comparativo de la nueva Directiva 2010/63/EU y la normativa actual vigente en el Reino Unido, referente mundial en el área de protección de animales de laboratorio. La nueva Directiva reconoce la importancia de la utilización de animales de experimentación en los avances científicos, pero reforzando la defensa y el respeto del valor intrínseco del ser animal. En este sentido la Directiva representa un importante avance para la protección del bienestar animal en todos los estados miembros, con el objetivo de armonizar la legislación vigente. Si bien varios países ya disponen de una legislación bastante progresiva, la implementación de la nueva directiva representa una excelente oportunidad para asentar y/o homogeneizar criterios de alto estándar de protección del bienestar animal en todos los países miembros, reforzando así el compromiso de la Unión Europea con la investigación científica y el respeto al bienestar de los animales de experimentación

Comentarios sobre la Directiva Europea 2010/63/EU para la protección de animales de laboratorio

El 20 de Octubre del 2010 se publico la nueva Directiva Europea 2010/63/EU sobre la protección de los animales utilizados en procedimientos científicos. Dicha publicación en el Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea supone el inicio de su tramitación para su entrada en vigor como ley Europea. Los países miembros tienen ahora un periodo de dos años para implementar dicha directiva como documento legal asegurando su completa entrada en vigor para Enero del 2013. En este artículo se realiza un análisis comparativo de la nueva Directiva 2010/63/EU y la normativa actual vigente en el Reino Unido, referente mundial en el área de protección de animales de laboratorio. La nueva Directiva reconoce la importancia de la utilización de animales de experimentación en los avances científicos, pero reforzando la defensa y el respeto del valor intrínseco del ser animal. En este sentido la Directiva representa un importante avance para la protección del bienestar animal en todos los estados miembros, con el objetivo de armonizar la legislación vigente. Si bien varios países ya disponen de una legislación bastante progresiva, la implementación de la nueva directiva representa una excelente oportunidad para asentar y/o homogeneizar criterios de alto estándar de protección del bienestar animal en todos los países miembros, reforzando así el compromiso de la Unión Europea con la investigación científica y el respeto al bienestar de los animales de experimentación. On 20th October 2010 the new 2010/63/EU European directive on the protection of animals used in scientific procedures was published in the Official Journal of the European Union, entering into force as a European law. Member States now have a period of two years to implement the directive as a legal document ensuring its full legal binding by January 2013. This article undertakes a comparative analysis between the new directive 2010/63/EU and the current regulatory system in the UK, which is an international reference in the protection of laboratory animals. The new directive recognizes the importance of the use of animal experiments in scientific advances, but ensuring the defence and respect for the intrinsic values of the animals. In this regard the directive represents an important advance for the protection of animal welfare in all the Member States, with the aim of harmonizing such values in the EU current legislation. While several countries already have fairly progressive legislation, the implementation of the new directive represents an excellent opportunity to reinforce high criteria levels in the defence of animal welfare throughout all the Member States. This represents a good opportunity for the EU to reinforce its commitment with the scientific research and the welfare of experimental animals

Molecular SPECT Imaging: An Overview

Molecular imaging has witnessed a tremendous change over the last decade. Growing interest and emphasis are placed on this specialized technology represented by developing new scanners, pharmaceutical drugs, diagnostic agents, new therapeutic regimens, and ultimately, significant improvement of patient health care. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) have their signature on paving the way to molecular diagnostics and personalized medicine. The former will be the topic of the current paper where the authors address the current position of the molecular SPECT imaging among other imaging techniques, describing strengths and weaknesses, differences between SPECT and PET, and focusing on different SPECT designs and detection systems. Radiopharmaceutical compounds of clinical as well-preclinical interest have also been reviewed. Moreover, the last section covers several application, of μSPECT imaging in many areas of disease detection and diagnosis

Imaging technologies for preclinical models of bone and joint disorders

Preclinical models for musculoskeletal disorders are critical for understanding the pathogenesis of bone and joint disorders in humans and the development of effective therapies. The assessment of these models primarily relies on morphological analysis which remains time consuming and costly, requiring large numbers of animals to be tested through different stages of the disease. The implementation of preclinical imaging represents a keystone in the refinement of animal models allowing longitudinal studies and enabling a powerful, non-invasive and clinically translatable way for monitoring disease progression in real time. Our aim is to highlight examples that demonstrate the advantages and limitations of different imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and optical imaging. All of which are in current use in preclinical skeletal research. MRI can provide high resolution of soft tissue structures, but imaging requires comparatively long acquisition times; hence, animals require long-term anaesthesia. CT is extensively used in bone and joint disorders providing excellent spatial resolution and good contrast for bone imaging. Despite its excellent structural assessment of mineralized structures, CT does not provide in vivo functional information of ongoing biological processes. Nuclear medicine is a very promising tool for investigating functional and molecular processes in vivo with new tracers becoming available as biomarkers. The combined use of imaging modalities also holds significant potential for the assessment of disease pathogenesis in animal models of musculoskeletal disorders, minimising the use of conventional invasive methods and animal redundancy

Age-dependent effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment on the serotonergic system one week following treatment

Abstract Rationale Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine are increasingly used for the treatment of depression in children. Limited data are, however, available on their effects on brain development and their efficacy remains debated. Moreover, previous experimental studies are seriously hampered in their clinical relevance. Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate putative age-related effects of a chronic treatment with fluoxetine (5 mg/kg, either orally or i.p. for 3 weeks, 1 week washout) using conventional methods (behavioral testing and binding assay using [ 123 I]β-CIT) and a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach. Methods Behavior was assessed, as well as serotonin transporter (SERT) availability and function through ex vivo binding assays and in vivo pharmacological MRI (phMRI) with an acute fluoxetine challenge (10 mg/kg oral or 5 mg/kg i.v.) in adolescent and adult rats. Results Fluoxetine caused an increase in anxiety-like behavior in treated adult, but not adolescent, rats. On the binding assays, we observed increased SERT densities in most cortical brain regions and hypothalamus in adolescent, but not adult, treated rats. Finally, reductions in brain activation were observed with phMRI following treatment, in both adult and adolescent treated animals. Conclusion Collectively, our data indicate that the shortterm effects of fluoxetine on the 5-HT system may be agedependent. These findings could reflect structural and functional rearrangements in the developing brain that do not occur in the matured rat brain. phMRI possibly will be well suited to study this important issue in the pediatric population