22 research outputs found

    Public policies promoting the informal economy: effects on incomes, employment and growth in Burkina Faso

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    Since the 1990s, Burkina Faso has intensified the implementation of supporting policies to enhance the access to capital and liquidity in the informal economy. This paper analyzes the effects of these policies on incomes, employment and economic growth by taking into account the interactions between the informal sector, the formal sector and the agricultural sector. For that purpose, policy shocks are simulated through the Partnership for Economic Policy Network’s static computable general equilibrium model which is adapted to the structure of a 2008-based social accounting matrix developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute. Our results highlight mixed effects including a paradoxical contraction of the informal sector, the formal sector and economic growth as well as an improvement of the informal households and the farmers’ incomes

    Phenotypic detection of Metallo-β-Lactamase in imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia at Schiphra Hospital of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso

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    Background: Epidemic of carbapenemase-producing bacteria has become worldwide. Thus, during the last decade, the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and non fermentative Gram-negative bacteria in human patients have increased. Carbapenemase-producing bacteria are usually multidrug resistant. Therefore, early recognition of carbapenemase producers is critical to prevent their spread. Objectives: The aim of this study was to contribute establishing the prevalence of isolates producing Metallo-β-Lactamase isolated from patients admitted to Schiphra Hospital of Ouagadougou. Methods: Susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents was evaluated by disc diffusion method using imipenem as screening antibiotic. The combination of imipenem-EDTA was used after detection the resistance to imipenem. Results: A total of 52 isolates resisting one of the third generation cephalosporins were collected. Five isolates showed an intermediary resistance to imipenem (9.61%). Two isolates were resistant to imipenem-EDTA (3.85%). The test of imipenem-EDTA was done to confirm to production of Metallo-β-Lactamase. The hydrolysis of bacterial extract by meropenem was confirmed by production with a kinetic activity at spectrophotometer V0=4.77x10–5µM/min for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and V0=1.183x10-4 ÂµM/min for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Conclusion: This study showed that bacterial resistances by production to metallo-β-lactamases are a reality in Burkina Faso

    The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

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    INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

    Impact des activités économiques et sociales sur la santé publique dans le district de Bamako

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    Le district de Bamako capitale du Mali, connaît depuis une vingtaine d’années des taux de croissance démographique spectaculaires. Malheureusement, cette croissance a aussi été accompagnée d’une très forte dégradation de l’environnement et a placé le District de Bamako parmi les capitales les plus polluées du monde, notamment au niveau de son atmosphère. Ainsi, ce souci majeur, conduit à poser la question de savoir : quels sont les comportements socio-professionnels susceptibles de dégrader la santé publique dans le District de Bamako ? L’objectif opérationnel de cette étude est d’identifier les activités économiques et sociales susceptibles de dégrader la ville de Bamako, et analyser son effet sur la santé publique. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une méthodologie de recherche a été adoptée, basée sur les données épidémiologiques, les observations et les enquête de terrain. L’étude a montré que la croissance démographique et spatiale n’a pas été accompagnée de plan d’urbanisation adéquat et que les activités économiques et sociales que mènent les populations ont des externalités négatives sur la santé publique, si la gestion rationnelle des déchets qu’elles produisent n’est pas garantie. La gestion inadéquate des déchets a conduit à des conditions bioécologiques favorables au développement d’agents pathogènes (virus, bactéries, parasites) responsables de nombreuses maladies telles que, le paludisme, la diarrhée, le rhume, la fièvre typhoïde et le choléra qui sévissent dans nos quartiers et au sein de la population du District de Bamako. Il ressort également de cette analyse que, le coût de prise en charge de ces maladies est trop par rapport aux revenus des populations les plus concernées par ces épidémies. Cependant, les populations du District de Bamako souffrent de pollutions de toutes formes, dues aux activités incontrôlées et aux comportements inadaptés des populations

    La Production sociale des ruptures de suivi médical des personnes vivant avec le VIH. De l’identification des processus à l’œuvre vers le renouvellement des réponses apportées ? L’exemple de Kayes au Mali

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    Les enjeux cliniques et thérapeutiques majeurs liés à la régularité du suivi médical des PVVIH amènent à analyser les processus qui peuvent conduire les individus à cesser le suivi de leur infection.Une enquête anthropologique a été conduite à Kayes, au Mali, en 2008-2009 par observation en milieu hospitalier et associatif et entretiens auprès de 24 PVVIH ayant cessé le suivi de leur infection à un moment donné et de 8 soignants impliqués dans la prise en charge des PVVIH.La production sociale des ruptures de suivi médical mise en exergue dans cette contribution incite à appréhender l’inobservance non pas comme un comportement individuel mais comme le symptôme de difficultés et dysfonctionnements perceptibles au niveau du vécu de la maladie par les personnes infectées, de la relation de soin et de la structure de prise en charge. À chacun de ces niveaux, sont identifiés des tensions (entre des systèmes de contraintes et de valeurs contradictoires par exemple), voire des dysfonctionnements (de l’offre et de la relation de soin) qui interagissent et favorisent les interruptions de suivi des PVVIH.Cette analyse permet de souligner la responsabilité partagée des acteurs dans la production des ruptures de suivi et appelle à un renouvellement des réponses apportées à l’inobservance (l’éducation thérapeutique par exemple) qui, focalisées sur les seuls patients, occultent les enjeux relationnels, organisationnels et structurels du phénomène
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