A single-chip CMOS pulse oximeter with on-chip lock-in detection

Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive and continuous method for monitoring the blood oxygen saturation level. This paper presents the design and testing of a single-chip pulse oximeter fabricated in a 0.35 µm CMOS process. The chip includes photodiode, transimpedance amplifier, analogue band-pass filters, analogue-to-digital converters, digital signal processor and LED timing control. The experimentally measured AC and DC characteristics of individual circuits including the DC output voltage of the transimpedance amplifier, transimpedance gain of the transimpedance amplifier, and the central frequency and bandwidth of the analogue band-pass filters, show a good match (within 1%) with the circuit simulations. With modulated light source and integrated lock-in detection the sensor effectively suppresses the interference from ambient light and 1/f noise. In a breath hold and release experiment the single chip sensor demonstrates consistent and comparable performance to commercial pulse oximetry devices with a mean of 1.2% difference. The single-chip sensor enables a compact and robust design solution that offers a route towards wearable devices for health monitorin

Simulation/Co-Simulation Alternatives for Multi-Domain, Multi- Level, Multi-Language Design of Smart Sensor: The SMAC Methodology

Smart Systems represent a broad class of intelligent, miniaturized systems incorporating functionalities like sensing, actuation and control. Their heterogeneity in terms of domains requires handling different levels of abstraction and different communication and synchronization styles, together with different languages and frameworks. This heavily impacts simulation. Directly simulating in a single environment such a degree of heterogeneity is impossible. On the other hand, cosimulation may lead to integration errors and to a loss in terms of accuracy due to the conjunct adoption of heterogeneous domains. Nonetheless, simulation is crucial in the design and verification loop, as well as to respect budget constraints. This work proposes the SMAC design flow for smart systems. It provides a formalization of the typical abstraction levels and design domains of a smart system. The proposed taxonomy allows identifying a precise role in the design flow for the different simulation and co-simulation scenarios. This will highlight the impact of heterogeneous and homogeneous models of computation on simulation performance. Finally, this works proposes a methodology to move from a co-simulated heterogeneity to a C++ simulatable homogeneous representation of the entire smart system, whose effectiveness is proven on a complex industrial case study

Simulation/Co-Simulation Alternatives for Multi-Domain, Multi- Level, Multi-Language Design of Smart Sensor: The SMAC Methodology

Smart Systems represent a broad class of intelligent, miniaturized systems incorporating functionalities like sensing, actuation and control. Their heterogeneity in terms of domains requires handling different levels of abstraction and different communication and synchronization styles, together with different languages and frameworks. This heavily impacts simulation. Directly simulating in a single environment such a degree of heterogeneity is impossible. On the other hand, co- simulation may lead to integration errors and to a loss in terms of accuracy due to the conjunct adoption of heterogeneous domains. Nonetheless, simulation is crucial in the design and verification loop, as well as to respect budget constraints. This work proposes the SMAC design flow for smart systems. It provides a formalization of the typical abstraction levels and design domains of a smart system. The proposed taxonomy allows identifying a precise role in the design flow for the different simulation and co-simulation scenarios. This will highlight the impact of heterogeneous and homogeneous models of computation on simulation performance. Finally, this works proposes a methodology to move from a co-simulated heterogeneity to a C++ simulatable homogeneous representation of the entire smart system, whose effectiveness is proven on a complex industrial case study

Simulation/Co-Simulation Alternatives for Multi-Domain, Multi- Level, Multi-Language Design of Smart Sensor: The SMAC Methodology

Smart Systems represent a broad class of intelligent, miniaturized systems incorporating functionalities like sensing, actuation and control. Their heterogeneity in terms of domains requires handling different levels of abstraction and different communication and synchronization styles, together with different languages and frameworks. This heavily impacts simulation. Directly simulating in a single environment such a degree of heterogeneity is impossible. On the other hand, cosimulation may lead to integration errors and to a loss in terms of accuracy due to the conjunct adoption of heterogeneous domains. Nonetheless, simulation is crucial in the design and verification loop, as well as to respect budget constraints. This work proposes the SMAC design flow for smart systems. It provides a formalization of the typical abstraction levels and design domains of a smart system. The proposed taxonomy allows identifying a precise role in the design flow for the different simulation and co-simulation scenarios. This will highlight the impact of heterogeneous and homogeneous models of computation on simulation performance. Finally, this works proposes a methodology to move from a co-simulated heterogeneity to a C++ simulatable homogeneous representation of the entire smart system, whose effectiveness is proven on a complex industrial case study

Homogeneous Simulation: the Effective Integration Solution for Smart Systems

This work provides a taxonomy of abstraction levels and design domains of a smart system, for analyzing the support of simulation/co-simulation and the effect of homogeneity/heterogeneity on simulation. The paper presents also flows and tools that can be exploited to gain homogeneous simulation. The overall approach is applied to a complex industrial case study

Moving from co-simulation to simulation for effective smart systems design

Design of smart systems needs to cover a wide variety of domains, ranging from analogue to digital, with power devices, micro-sensors and actuators, up to MEMS. This high level of heterogeneity makes design a very challenging task, as each domain is supported by specific languages, modeling formalisms and simulation frameworks. A major issue is furthermore posed by simulation, that heavily impacts the design and verification loop and that is very hard to be built in such an heterogeneous context. On the other hand, achieving efficient simulation would indeed make smart system design feasible with respect to budget constraints. This work provides a formalization of the typical abstraction levels and design domains of a smart system. This taxonomy allows to identify a precise role in the design flow for co-simulation and simulation scenarios. Moreover, a methodology is proposed to move from the co-simulated heterogeneity to a simulatable homogeneous representation in C++ of the entire smart system. The impact of heterogeneous or homogeneous models of computation is also examined. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed C++ generation for reaching high-speed simulation

Homogeneous Simulation: the Effective Integration Solution for Smart Systems

This work provides a taxonomy of abstraction levels and design domains of a smart system, for analyzing the support of simulation/co-simulation and the effect of homogeneity/heterogeneity on simulation. The paper presents also flows and tools that can be exploited to gain homogeneous simulation. The overall approach is applied to a complex industrial case study

Moving from Co-Simulation to Simulation for Effective Smart Systems Design

Design of smart systems needs to cover a wide variety of domains, ranging from analogue to digital, with power devices, micro-sensors and actuators, up to MEMS. This high level of heterogeneity makes design a very challenging task, as each domain is supported by specific languages, modeling formalisms and simulation frameworks. A major issue is furthermore posed by simulation, that heavily impacts the design and verification loop and that is very hard to be built in such an heterogeneous context. On the other hand, achieving efficient simulation would indeed make smart system design feasible with respect to budget constraints. This work provides a formalization of the typical abstraction levels and design domains of a smart system. This taxonomy allows to identify a precise role in the design flow for co-simulation and simulation scenarios. Moreover, a methodology is proposed to move from the co-simulated heterogeneity to a simulatable homogeneous representation in C++ of the entire smart system. The impact of heterogeneous or homogeneous models of computation is also examined. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed C++ generation for reaching high-speed simulatio