Boundaries.

The photographer discusses the work in Boundaries, her Master of Fine Arts exhibition on display at Slocumb Galleries, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee from October 31 to November 4, 2011. The exhibition consists of 20 black and white photographs, the main subject of which is the photographer\u27s son. The photographs and supporting thesis explore the idea of boundaries real and implied, and how confinement can prompt a variety of behaviors. Topics include the process and evolution of the work and the artists who have influenced it, the importance of light and the challenge of photographing family. Included is a catalogue of the exhibition

Barriers to Accessing Primary Dental Care for the Uninsured/ Underinsured Population in the City of Cincinnati

Despite federal, state and local efforts to provide access to dental services to vulnerable populations such as the uninsured and underinsured, many people still do not receive adequate dental care. This study seeks to identify barriers to primary dental care in the City of Cincinnati. The Cincinnati Health Department (CHD) operates five safety net health centers which provide dental care for the citizens of the Cincinnati service area. Surveys conducted in these centers found that cost was the main reason individuals do not see the dentist regularly. Even in those with dental insurance cost was a major barrier, although most respondents felt that the cost at CHD centers was fair. In addition to cost, fear was cited second most frequently. Chi square analyses were conducted to determine if there were differences based on specific demographics. There was a significant difference in the perceived barriers to dental care based on insurance status. Those without insurance were more likely to cite cost as a barrier. Oral health is important for many reasons. Visiting the dentist regularly is essential in maintaining good oral health. Efforts to increase dental care access for the uninsured/underinsured should focus on overcoming cost barriers

Book Reviews

READINGS IN AMERICAN LEGAL HISTORY Compiled and edited by Mark DeWolfe Howe Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949. Pp. 529.$7.50 reviewer: STANLEY D. ROSE ======================= THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN LAW: THE LAW MAKERS By James Willard Hurst Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1950. Pp. xiii, 502.$5.50 reviewer: STANLEY D. ROSE ============================= REASON AND LAW By Morris R. Cohen Illinois: The Free Press, 1950. Pp.211. $3.50 reviewer: STANLEY D. ROSE ================================ AN INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL REASONING By Edward H. Levi Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1949. Pp. 74.$2.00 reviewer: STANLEY D. ROSE ==================================== LIVING LAW OF DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY By Jerome Hall Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1949. Pp. 146. $2.50 reviewer: STANLEY D. ROSE ===================================== LAW AND TACTICS IN JURY TRIALS By Francis X. Busch Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1949. Pp. xxvii, 1147.$17.50 reviewer: CHARLES C. TRABUE, JR. =========================== SUCCESSFUL TRIAL TACTICS By A. S. Cutler New York: Prentice-Hall,Inc., 1949. Pp. ix, 319. $5.35 reviewer: CHARLES C. TRABUE, JR

Ruminal Fermentation of Propylene Glycol and Glycerol

Bovine rumen fluid was fermented anaerobically with 25 mM R-propylene glycol, S-propylene glycol, or glycerol added. After 24 h, all of the propylene glycol enantiomers and approximately 80% of the glycerol were metabolized. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and caproate concentrations, in decreasing order, all increased with incubation time. Addition of any of the three substrates somewhat decreased acetate formation, while addition of either propylene glycol increased propionate formation but decreased that of butyrate. R- and S-propylene glycol did not differ significantly in either their rates of disappearance or the products formed when they were added to the fermentation medium. Fermentations of rumen fluid containing propylene glycol emitted the sulfur-containing gases 1-propanethiol, 1-(methylthio)propane, methylthiirane, 2,4-dimethylthiophene, 1-(methylthio)-1-propanethiol, dipropyl disulfide, 1-(propylthio)-1-propanethiol, dipropyl trisulfide, 3,5-diethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane, 2-ethyl-1,3-dithiane, and 2,4,6-triethyl-1,3,5-trithiane. Metabolic pathways that yield each of these gases are proposed. The sulfur-containing gases produced during propylene glycol fermentation in the rumen may contribute to the toxic effects seen in cattle when high doses are administered for therapeutic purposes

Experimental research on the effects of water application on greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle feedlots

The effect of water application (e.g., through rainfall or sprinkler system) on emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2), from pen surfaces of open-lot beef cattle feedlots was evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. Soil/manure samples were collected from several randomly selected pens from two beef cattle feedlots in Kansas and were used as simulated pen surfaces. Three treatments (i.e., dry and loose, moist and loose, and moist and compacted pen surface conditions) were considered, simulating surface conditions in the field after a typical rainfall event or water application with a sprinkler system. Soil/manure and water were mixed within glass containers and analyzed for GHG emission using a photo-acoustic infrared multi-gas analyzer; emission rates were calculated from measured concentrations. GHG emissions from the dry soil/manure samples were low, with mean values of 0.02, 0.00, and 45 mg m−2 h−1 for N2O, CH4, and CO2, respectively, compared to moist soil/manure samples. Water application on the dry manure samples resulted in large peaks of GHG fluxes, with peak values of 99.2, 28.6, and 15,443 mg m−2 h−1 for N2O, CH4, and CO2, respectively.The effect of water application (e.g., through rainfall or sprinkler system) on emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2), from pen surfaces of open-lot beef cattle feedlots was evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. Soil/manure samples were collected from several randomly selected pens from two beef cattle feedlots in Kansas and were used as simulated pen surfaces. Three treatments (i.e., dry and loose, moist and loose, and moist and compacted pen surface conditions) were considered, simulating surface conditions in the field after a typical rainfall event or water application with a sprinkler system. Soil/manure and water were mixed within glass containers and analyzed for GHG emission using a photo-acoustic infrared multi-gas analyzer; emission rates were calculated from measured concentrations. GHG emissions from the dry soil/manure samples were low, with mean values of 0.02, 0.00, and 45 mg m−2 h−1 for N2O, CH4, and CO2, respectively, compared to moist soil/manure samples. Water application on the dry manure samples resulted in large peaks of GHG fluxes, with peak values of 99.2, 28.6, and 15,443 mg m−2 h−1 for N2O, CH4, and CO2, respectively

Field Sampling Method for Quantifying Odorants in Humid Environments

Most air quality studies in agricultural environments use thermal desorption analysis for quantifying semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) associated with odor. The objective of this study was to develop a robust sampling technique for measuring SVOCs in humid environments. Test atmospheres were generated at ambient temperatures (23 ± 1.5 °C) and 25, 50, and 80% relative humidity (RH). Sorbent material used included Tenax, graphitized carbon, and carbon molecular sieve (CMS). Sorbent tubes were challenged with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 L of air at various RHs. Sorbent tubes with CMS material performed poorly at both 50 and 80% RH due to excessive sorption of water. Heating of CMS tubes during sampling or dry-purging of CMS tubes post sampling effectively reduced water sorption with heating of tubes being preferred due to the higher recovery and reproducibility. Tenax tubes had breakthrough of the more volatile compounds and tended to form artifacts with increasing volumes of air sampled. Graphitized carbon sorbent tubes containing Carbopack X and Carbopack C performed best with quantitative recovery of all compounds at all RHs and sampling volumes tested. The graphitized carbon tubes were taken to the field for further testing. Field samples taken from inside swine feeding operations showed that butanoic acid, 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, indole, and 3-methylindole were the compounds detected most often above their odor threshold values. Field samples taken from a poultry facility demonstrated that butanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, and 4-methylphenol were the compounds above their odor threshold values detected most often