201 research outputs found
Boundaries.
The photographer discusses the work in Boundaries, her Master of Fine Arts exhibition on display at Slocumb Galleries, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee from October 31 to November 4, 2011. The exhibition consists of 20 black and white photographs, the main subject of which is the photographer\u27s son. The photographs and supporting thesis explore the idea of boundaries real and implied, and how confinement can prompt a variety of behaviors. Topics include the process and evolution of the work and the artists who have influenced it, the importance of light and the challenge of photographing family. Included is a catalogue of the exhibition
Barriers to Accessing Primary Dental Care for the Uninsured/ Underinsured Population in the City of Cincinnati
Despite federal, state and local efforts to provide access to dental services to vulnerable populations such as the uninsured and underinsured, many people still do not receive adequate dental care. This study seeks to identify barriers to primary dental care in the City of Cincinnati. The Cincinnati Health Department (CHD) operates five safety net health centers which provide dental care for the citizens of the Cincinnati service area. Surveys conducted in these centers found that cost was the main reason individuals do not see the dentist regularly. Even in those with dental insurance cost was a major barrier, although most respondents felt that the cost at CHD centers was fair. In addition to cost, fear was cited second most frequently. Chi square analyses were conducted to determine if there were differences based on specific demographics. There was a significant difference in the perceived barriers to dental care based on insurance status. Those without insurance were more likely to cite cost as a barrier. Oral health is important for many reasons. Visiting the dentist regularly is essential in maintaining good oral health. Efforts to increase dental care access for the uninsured/underinsured should focus on overcoming cost barriers
Book Reviews
READINGS IN AMERICAN LEGAL HISTORY
Compiled and edited by Mark DeWolfe Howe
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949. Pp. 529.5.50
reviewer: STANLEY D. ROSE
=============================
REASON AND LAW
By Morris R. Cohen
Illinois: The Free Press, 1950. Pp.211. 2.00
reviewer: STANLEY D. ROSE
====================================
LIVING LAW OF DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
By Jerome Hall
Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1949. Pp. 146. 17.50
reviewer: CHARLES C. TRABUE, JR.
===========================
SUCCESSFUL TRIAL TACTICS
By A. S. Cutler
New York: Prentice-Hall,Inc., 1949. Pp. ix, 319. $5.35
reviewer: CHARLES C. TRABUE, JR
Effects of Dietary Treatment on Odor and VOCs Emitted From Swine Manure
Odor and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions associated with swine production facilities are major concerns for the swine industry. Swine manure is one of the major sources of odor from swine operations. Odor control approaches include ration manipulation, improved manure treatment processes, capture and treatment of odorous gases, and improved dispersion. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a low level of crude protein and low sulfur content in diets of young swine on odor and VOCs emissions from the headspace of swine manure. Small pigs in metabolic stalls were fed twice daily over 28 days with diets containing either 19.36 % crude protein, 7.06 % cellulose and 2,296 mg/kg sulfur (diet B) or 17.83 % crude protein, 6.82 % cellulose and 1,772 mg/kg sulfur (diet H). Three replicate trials were conducted and three pigs were used for each diet. All excreted manure (feces and urine) were collected daily after morning feeding and added to the manure storage vessel designed to hold waste from the same growing pig. Gas samples were collected from the headspace of manure storage container using 85 µm Carboxen/PDMS SPME fibers at the end of each trial and three replicate gas samples were collected for each pig. All samples were analyzed simultaneously for chemicals and odors on a GC-MS-olfactometry system. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the effects on diets on target odorous chemicals and odor. A total of 40 compounds belonging to 14 chemical classes were identified in the headspace of swine manure. A subset of 14 odorous compounds responsible for the characteristic odor of swine manure were selected for statistical analyses. The lower sulfur and crude protein diet was associated with reduced methanethiol (p=0.0686), dimethyl sulfide (p=0.0006), 2,4-dithiapentane (p\u3c0.00001), acetone (p=0.0003), toluene (p=0.0133), 4-methyl phenol (p=0.0745), 4-ethyl phenol (p=0.00004) and skatole (p=0.0002). The total odor (p=0.0262) and some characteristic odors caused by specific gases were also significantly reduced, i.e. ‘sewer’ (H2S) (p=0.0014), ‘acetic’ (acetic acid) (p=0.00001), ‘skunky’ (2,4-dithiapentane) (p=0.0261), ‘onion’ (dimethyl trisulfide) (p=0.0122) and phenolic’ (4-ethyl phenol) (p=0.0168)
Narasin effects on energy, nutrient, and fiber digestibility in corn-soybean meal or corn-soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles diets fed to 16-, 92-, and 141-kg pigs
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of narasin on growth performance and on GE and nutrient digestibility in nursery, grower, and finishing pigs fed either a corn-soybean meal (CSBM) diet or a CSBM diet supplemented with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), in combination with either 0 or 30 mg narasin/kg of diet. In Exp. 1 (64 gilts, initial BW = 9.0 kg, SD = 1.0 kg) and Exp. 2 (60 gilts. initial BW = 81.1 kg, SD = 6.1 kg), gilts were allotted into individual pens and fed their experimental diets for 24 and 21 d, respectively. On the last 2 d of each experiment, fecal samples were collected to assess apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE and various nutrients. In Exp. 3, 2 separate groups of 24 gilts (initial BW = 145.1 kg, SD = 7.8 kg) were allotted to individual metabolism crates and fed their experimental diets for 30 d prior to a time-based 6-d total fecal collection period to assess GE and nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 1, there was an interaction between diet type and narasin addition for G:F and for many of the ATTD coefficients measured. When narasin was supplemented to the CSBM diet, ATTD of GE, DM, C, S, phosphorus, NDF, and ADF was either not changed or reduced, while when narasin was supplemented to DDGS diets, these same ATTD parameters were increased (interaction, P ≤ 0.05). Even though ADG and ADFI were not affected, G:F] was improved in pigs fed the CSBM diet with supplemental narasin, but was reduced in pigs fed the DDGS diet with supplemental narasin (interaction, P \u3c 0.05). In Exp. 2, there was an interaction between diet type and narasin supplementation only for ATTD of Ca (interaction, P \u3c 0.01), in that narasin supplementation did not change the ATTD of Ca in pigs fed the CSBM diet, while narasin supplementation reduced the ATTD of Ca in pigs fed the DDGS containing diet. In Exp. 3, there was an interaction between diet and narasin only for ATTD of C (interaction, P \u3c 0.01) in that narasin supplementation resulted in an increased ATTD of C in pigs fed the CSBM diet, while narasin supplementation to the DDGS containing diet resulted in a reduced ATTD of Ca. In general, the data indicate that narasin interacted with and had its largest effect on pig performance and GE or nutrient digestibility in 9 to 23 kg pigs compared to pigs weighing greater than 80 kg. The data also indicate that the addition of DDGS reduced GE, DM, Ca, and N digestibility, regardless of BW
Ruminal Fermentation of Propylene Glycol and Glycerol
Bovine rumen fluid was fermented anaerobically with 25 mM R-propylene glycol, S-propylene glycol, or glycerol added. After 24 h, all of the propylene glycol enantiomers and approximately 80% of the glycerol were metabolized. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and caproate concentrations, in decreasing order, all increased with incubation time. Addition of any of the three substrates somewhat decreased acetate formation, while addition of either propylene glycol increased propionate formation but decreased that of butyrate. R- and S-propylene glycol did not differ significantly in either their rates of disappearance or the products formed when they were added to the fermentation medium. Fermentations of rumen fluid containing propylene glycol emitted the sulfur-containing gases 1-propanethiol, 1-(methylthio)propane, methylthiirane, 2,4-dimethylthiophene, 1-(methylthio)-1-propanethiol, dipropyl disulfide, 1-(propylthio)-1-propanethiol, dipropyl trisulfide, 3,5-diethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane, 2-ethyl-1,3-dithiane, and 2,4,6-triethyl-1,3,5-trithiane. Metabolic pathways that yield each of these gases are proposed. The sulfur-containing gases produced during propylene glycol fermentation in the rumen may contribute to the toxic effects seen in cattle when high doses are administered for therapeutic purposes
Experimental research on the effects of water application on greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle feedlots
The effect of water application (e.g., through rainfall or sprinkler system) on emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2), from pen surfaces of open-lot beef cattle feedlots was evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. Soil/manure samples were collected from several randomly selected pens from two beef cattle feedlots in Kansas and were used as simulated pen surfaces. Three treatments (i.e., dry and loose, moist and loose, and moist and compacted pen surface conditions) were considered, simulating surface conditions in the field after a typical rainfall event or water application with a sprinkler system. Soil/manure and water were mixed within glass containers and analyzed for GHG emission using a photo-acoustic infrared multi-gas analyzer; emission rates were calculated from measured concentrations. GHG emissions from the dry soil/manure samples were low, with mean values of 0.02, 0.00, and 45 mg m−2 h−1 for N2O, CH4, and CO2, respectively, compared to moist soil/manure samples. Water application on the dry manure samples resulted in large peaks of GHG fluxes, with peak values of 99.2, 28.6, and 15,443 mg m−2 h−1 for N2O, CH4, and CO2, respectively.The effect of water application (e.g., through rainfall or sprinkler system) on emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2), from pen surfaces of open-lot beef cattle feedlots was evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. Soil/manure samples were collected from several randomly selected pens from two beef cattle feedlots in Kansas and were used as simulated pen surfaces. Three treatments (i.e., dry and loose, moist and loose, and moist and compacted pen surface conditions) were considered, simulating surface conditions in the field after a typical rainfall event or water application with a sprinkler system. Soil/manure and water were mixed within glass containers and analyzed for GHG emission using a photo-acoustic infrared multi-gas analyzer; emission rates were calculated from measured concentrations. GHG emissions from the dry soil/manure samples were low, with mean values of 0.02, 0.00, and 45 mg m−2 h−1 for N2O, CH4, and CO2, respectively, compared to moist soil/manure samples. Water application on the dry manure samples resulted in large peaks of GHG fluxes, with peak values of 99.2, 28.6, and 15,443 mg m−2 h−1 for N2O, CH4, and CO2, respectively
Field Sampling Method for Quantifying Odorants in Humid Environments
Most air quality studies in agricultural environments use thermal desorption analysis for quantifying semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) associated with odor. The objective of this study was to develop a robust sampling technique for measuring SVOCs in humid environments. Test atmospheres were generated at ambient temperatures (23 ± 1.5 °C) and 25, 50, and 80% relative humidity (RH). Sorbent material used included Tenax, graphitized carbon, and carbon molecular sieve (CMS). Sorbent tubes were challenged with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 L of air at various RHs. Sorbent tubes with CMS material performed poorly at both 50 and 80% RH due to excessive sorption of water. Heating of CMS tubes during sampling or dry-purging of CMS tubes post sampling effectively reduced water sorption with heating of tubes being preferred due to the higher recovery and reproducibility. Tenax tubes had breakthrough of the more volatile compounds and tended to form artifacts with increasing volumes of air sampled. Graphitized carbon sorbent tubes containing Carbopack X and Carbopack C performed best with quantitative recovery of all compounds at all RHs and sampling volumes tested. The graphitized carbon tubes were taken to the field for further testing. Field samples taken from inside swine feeding operations showed that butanoic acid, 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, indole, and 3-methylindole were the compounds detected most often above their odor threshold values. Field samples taken from a poultry facility demonstrated that butanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, and 4-methylphenol were the compounds above their odor threshold values detected most often
- …