The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire

Abstract Background Several studies were carried out in experimental hut station in areas surrounding the city of Bouaké, after the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire. They reported increasing resistance levels to insecticide for malaria transmiting mosquitoes. The present work aims to evaluate the current resistance level of An. gambiae ( s.l.) in rural and urban areas in the city of Bouaké. Methods Larvae of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) were collected from five different study sites and reared to adult stages. The resistance status was assessed using the WHO bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes, with eight insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, organochlorines, carbamates and organophosphates classes. Molecular assays were performed to identify the molecular forms of An. gambiae (s.l.), the L1014F kdr and the ace-1R alleles in individual mosquitoes. The synergist PBO was used to investigate the role of enzymes in resistance. Biochemical assays were performed to detect potential increased activities in mixed function oxidase (MFO) levels, non-specific esterases (NSE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST). Results High resistance levels to pyrethroids, organochlorines, and carbamates were observed in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from Bouaké. Mortalities ranged between 0 and 73% for the eight tested insecticides. The pre-exposure to PBO restored full or partial susceptibility to pyrethroids in the different sites. The same trend was observed with the carbamates in five sites, but to a lesser extent. With DDT, pre-exposure to PBO did not increase the mortality rate of An. gambiae (s.l.) from the same sites. Tolerance to organophosphates was observed. An increased activity of NSE and higher level of MFO were found compared to the Kisumu susceptible reference strain. Two molecular forms, S form [(An. gambiae (s.s)] and M form (An. coluzzi) were identified. The kdr allele frequencies vary from 85.9 to 99.8% for An. gambiae (s.s.) and from 81.7 to 99.6% for An. coluzzii. The ace-1R frequencies vary between 25.6 and 38.8% for An. gambiae (s.s.) and from 28.6 to 36.7% for An. coluzzii. Conclusion Resistance to insecticides is widespread within both An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. coluzzii. Two mechanisms of resistance, i.e. metabolic and target-site mutation seemed to largely explain the high resistance level of mosquitoes in Bouaké. Pyrethroid resistance was found exclusively due to the metabolic mechanism

The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Cote d'Ivoire

Background: Several studies were carried out in experimental hut station in areas surrounding the city of Bouake, after the crisis in Cote d'Ivoire. They reported increasing resistance levels to insecticide for malaria transmiting mosquitoes. The present work aims to evaluate the current resistance level of An. gambiae (s.l.) in rural and urban areas in the city of Bouake. Methods: Larvae of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) were collected from five different study sites and reared to adult stages. The resistance status was assessed using the WHO bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes, with eight insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, organochlorines, carbamates and organophosphates classes. Molecular assays were performed to identify the molecular forms of An. gambiae (s.l.), the L1014F kdr and the ace-1R alleles in individual mosquitoes. The synergist PBO was used to investigate the role of enzymes in resistance. Biochemical assays were performed to detect potential increased activities in mixed function oxidase (MFO) levels, non-specific esterases (NSE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST). Results: High resistance levels to pyrethroids, organochlorines, and carbamates were observed in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from Bouake. Mortalities ranged between 0 and 73% for the eight tested insecticides. The pre-exposure to PBO restored full or partial susceptibility to pyrethroids in the different sites. The same trend was observed with the carbamates in five sites, but to a lesser extent. With DDT, pre-exposure to PBO did not increase the mortality rate of An. gambiae (s.l.) from the same sites. Tolerance to organophosphates was observed. An increased activity of NSE and higher level of MFO were found compared to the Kisumu susceptible reference strain. Two molecular forms, S form [(An. gambiae (s.s)] and M form (An. coluzzi) were identified. The kdr allele frequencies vary from 85.9 to 99.8% for An. gambiae (s.s.) and from 81.7 to 99.6% for An. coluzzii. The ace-1R frequencies vary between 25.6 and 38.8% for An. gambiae (s.s.) and from 28.6 to 36.7% for An. coluzzii. Conclusion: Resistance to insecticides is widespread within both An. gambiae (s. s.) and An. coluzzii. Two mechanisms of resistance, i.e. metabolic and target-site mutation seemed to largely explain the high resistance level of mosquitoes in Bouake. Pyrethroid resistance was found exclusively due to the metabolic mechanism

Facteurs de risques de l’hemorragie du post partum au CSREF de Niono: Postpartum hemorrhage risk factors in Niono

Dans le district sanitaire de Niono l’hémorragie du post-partum (HPP) était définie comme toutes les hémorragies qui surviennent immédiatement après l’accouchement et dans les 42 jours du post-partum. En 2015, la fréquence de l’HPP s’y élevait à 1,34% avec un taux de décès de 8,5% contre 1,42% avec un de décès de 5,5% en 2016. L’objectif principal de ce thème était d’étudier les facteurs de risque de survenue des HPP. Méthode : il s’agissait d’une étude transversale réalisée à la maternité du Csréf de Niono du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 2018. Les données recueillies à travers l’exploitation des dossiers médicaux et transcrites sur un questionnaire ont été analysées sur SPSS version 20 pour déterminer les facteurs de risque d’HPP. La confidentialité et l’éthique ont été respectées. Résultats : Sur 1894 admissions, l’hémorragie du postpartum avait une fréquence de 2,16%. Les parturientes résidant hors de Niono représentaient 82,9%, non scolarisées à 82,9%, référées par Cscom à 46,3%. Chez nos patientes 78,1% avaient bénéficié d’une délivrance active. Au total 68,3% avait une rétention placentaire, 75,6% une inertie utérine, prises en charge par la Gestion Active de la Troisième Phase de l’Accouchement (GATPA). Le pronostic maternel était bon dans 97,6% des cas. Il s’agissait d’une hémorragie immédiate pour 92,7%. Conclusion : L’HPP est une urgence obstétricale fréquente et un accent particulier doit être mis sur la prévention en maîtrisant les facteurs de risques obstétricaux et en appliquant la GATPA. ABSTRACT: Introduction: In the Niono Health District, postpartum hemorrhage was defined as all hemorrhages that occur immediately after delivery and within 42 days postpartum. In 2015, the frequency of postpartum hemorrhage was 1.34% with a death rate of 8.5%, compared to 1.42% with a death rate of 5.5% in 2016. The main objective of this theme was to study the risk factors for the occurrence of postpartum hemorrhage. Method: This was a cross-sectional study carried out at the maternity ward of the Csréf de Niono from 1 January to 31 December 2018. Data collected through the use of medical records and transcribed to a questionnaire were analyzed on SPSS version 20 to determine risk factors for PPH. Results: Out of 1894 admissions, postpartum hemorrhage had a frequency of 2.16%. Patients residing outside Niono accounted for 82.9%, 82.9% were out of school and 46.3% were referred by Cscom. In our patients 78.1% had been actively delivered. A total of 68.3% had placental retention, 75.6% had uterine inertia, which was managed by Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor. The maternal prognosis was good in 97.6% of cases. It was an immediate hemorrhage for 92.7%. Conclusion: PPH is a frequent obstetric emergency and special emphasis must be placed on prevention by controlling obstetric risk factors and applying AMTSL

The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Cote d'Ivoire

Background: Several studies were carried out in experimental hut station in areas surrounding the city of Bouake, after the crisis in Cote d'Ivoire. They reported increasing resistance levels to insecticide for malaria transmiting mosquitoes. The present work aims to evaluate the current resistance level of An. gambiae (s.l.) in rural and urban areas in the city of Bouake. Methods: Larvae of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) were collected from five different study sites and reared to adult stages. The resistance status was assessed using the WHO bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes, with eight insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, organochlorines, carbamates and organophosphates classes. Molecular assays were performed to identify the molecular forms of An. gambiae (s.l.), the L1014F kdr and the ace-1R alleles in individual mosquitoes. The synergist PBO was used to investigate the role of enzymes in resistance. Biochemical assays were performed to detect potential increased activities in mixed function oxidase (MFO) levels, non-specific esterases (NSE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST). Results: High resistance levels to pyrethroids, organochlorines, and carbamates were observed in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from Bouake. Mortalities ranged between 0 and 73% for the eight tested insecticides. The pre-exposure to PBO restored full or partial susceptibility to pyrethroids in the different sites. The same trend was observed with the carbamates in five sites, but to a lesser extent. With DDT, pre-exposure to PBO did not increase the mortality rate of An. gambiae (s.l.) from the same sites. Tolerance to organophosphates was observed. An increased activity of NSE and higher level of MFO were found compared to the Kisumu susceptible reference strain. Two molecular forms, S form [(An. gambiae (s.s)] and M form (An. coluzzi) were identified. The kdr allele frequencies vary from 85.9 to 99.8% for An. gambiae (s.s.) and from 81.7 to 99.6% for An. coluzzii. The ace-1R frequencies vary between 25.6 and 38.8% for An. gambiae (s.s.) and from 28.6 to 36.7% for An. coluzzii. Conclusion: Resistance to insecticides is widespread within both An. gambiae (s. s.) and An. coluzzii. Two mechanisms of resistance, i.e. metabolic and target-site mutation seemed to largely explain the high resistance level of mosquitoes in Bouake. Pyrethroid resistance was found exclusively due to the metabolic mechanism

Etude epidemio-clinique des traumatismes lies aux accidents de la voie publique a l’Hopital de Niono : Epidemiological and clinical study of injuries related to road traffic accidents at Niono Hospital

Introduction : L’accident de la voie publique (AVP), est une collusion non désirée, mal anticipée sur le réseau public entre un engin et tout autre chose ou personne, fixe ou mobile engendrant des blessures humaines et/ou des dégâts matériels. Selon l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) les AVP entrainent plus de 1,25 millions de décès chaque année et 20 à 50 millions de blessés. Au Mali, en 2013, 6059 cas d’AVP dont 529 tués et 8286 blessés ont été enregistrés. L’objectif de ce travail était d’étudier les aspects épidémio-cliniques des traumatismes liés aux accidents de la voie publique à l’hôpital de Niono. Matériel et méthodes : il s’agissait d’une étude transversale à l’hôpital de Niono du 01 avril au 30 septembre 2019. Les données ont été saisies et analysées sur PAWS Statistics. Le respect de la confidentialité était de rigueur et aucune information n’a été divulguée. Résultats : La fréquence des AVP était de 3,14% parmi les 4705 consultations. Le sexe masculin dominait (74,1%) et le sex-ratio était de 2,86. Les jeunes de 15 à 30 ans étaient les plus touchés (42,2%). Les plaies étaient les plus rencontrées (47,6%). L’évolution a été favorable chez 69,4 % et 8,8% ont été évacués, 2% d’amputation et 3,4% de décès. Conclusion : les AVP étaient assez fréquents et provoquaient de graves traumatismes avec des handicaps et la mort, d’où l’importance de la sensibilisation et de l’obligation du permis de conduire. Introduction: A road accident is an unwanted, poorly anticipated collusion on the public network between a vehicle and any other thing or person, fixed or mobile, causing human injury and/or property damage. According to Word Health Organization (WHO), road accidents cause more than 1.25 million deaths each year and 20 to 50 million injuries. In Mali, in 2013, 6059 cases of MVA including 529 killed and 8286 injured were recorded. The objective was to study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of injuries related to road traffic accidents at Niono hospital. Material and methods: It was a cross-sectional study in the Niono hospital from April 1 to September 30, 2019. The data was captured and analyzed on PAWS Statistics. Confidentiality was respected and no information was disclosed. Results: Frequency 3.14%, male dominated (74.1%) and the sex ratio of 2.86. Youth aged 15 to 30 were the most affected (42.2%). Wounds were the most common (47.6%). The evolution was favorable in 69.4% and 8.8% were referred, 2% amputation and 3.4% death. Conclusion: Road accident were quite frequent and caused severe trauma with disabilities and death, hence the importance of sensitization and the requirement of a driver's license

Risk factors for acquisition of meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt

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