Driver Behavior Monitoring. Part I. Application to Adaptive Automation Implementation

Abstract This paper gives a description on a currently going MEXT supported research project, "Situation and intention recognition for risk finding and avoidance," the aim of which is to develop a human-centered proactive safety technology that (i) detects at an early stage possible transitions of the driver's psychological/physiological state into a risky condition that may lead to a possibly accident-prone driving condition, and (ii) provide the driver with appropriate countermeasure assistance and support in a situation-adaptive manner. Among research issues in the project, this paper discusses the need of an adaptive automation for automotive safety when driver's intention or behavior may be inappropriate for a given traffic condition

Human’s Overtrust in and Overreliance on Advanced Driver Assistance Systems: A Theoretical Framework

This paper gives a theoretical framework to describe, analyze, and evaluate the driver’s overtrust in and overreliance on ADAS. Although “overtrust” and “overreliance” are often used as if they are synonyms, this paper differentiates the two notions rigorously. To this end, two aspects, (1) situation diagnostic aspect and (2) action selection aspect, are introduced. The first aspect is to describe overtrust, and it has three axes: (1-1) dimension of trust, (1-2) target object, and (1-3) chances of observation. The second aspect, (2), is to describe overreliance on the ADAS, and it has other three axes: (2-1) type of action selected, (2-2) benefits expected, and (2-3) time allowance for human intervention. Document type: Articl

Electrochemical Glycosylation as an Enabling Tool for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclic Oligosaccharides

Electrochemical glycosylation of a linear oligosaccharide with a protecting-group-free primary hydroxyl group afforded cyclic oligo-saccharides, up to hexasaccharides, in high yields. Precursors of the cyclic oligosaccharides were prepared by automated electro-chemical assembly-a method for the automated electrochemical solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides. We demonstrated that electrochemical glycosylation is useful not only for intermolecular glycosylation but also for intramolecular glycosylation to synthesize cyclic oligosaccharides

On a Relationship between Photic Driving and Visually Evoked Response in Eye-opened Resting State

There have been described con siderably many investigations concerning evoked electroencephalographic (EEG) response, so-called photic driving, caused by rhythmic photic stimulation. However, the mechanism of photic driving is not clarified yet, as indicated in the recent report of ITOH1). The present experiments were performed to study this problem from the standpoint of the generating mechanism of photic driving in eye-opened resting state. The EEGs and average evoked responses during various rhythmic photic stimulation were recorded from 42 normal subjects with eyes opened and the fundamental EEG responses were compared with the average visually evoked responses. The incidence of photic driving was 35.7 per cent of the subjects. From a standpoint of the fundamental frequency response profiles, the driving responses were classified into two groups. First, "summation type" which showed the inverted U-shaped curve with a peak at 7-8 c/sec. Secondly, "non-summation type" which showed gradual reduction of the response amplitude in parallel with frequency increase. Their percentages of incidence were 55.5 in the former and 44.5 in the latter. The primary response appeared without augmentation and simply overlapped on the preceding large secondary response at the frequencies above 6-10 c/sec. From the above-mentioned results, it seems to be likely that there is a close relationship between a fundamental constituent of the driving response and the secondary response especially the large negative wave with a mean culmination time of 170 msec

Cuticular Hydrocarbon Content that Affects Male Mate Preference of Drosophila melanogaster from West Africa

Intraspecific variation in mating signals and preferences can be a potential source of incipient speciation. Variable crossability between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans among different strains suggested the abundance of such variations. A particular focus on one combination of D. melanogaster strains, TW1(G23) and Mel6(G59), that showed different crossabilities to D. simulans, revealed that the mating between females from the former and males from the latter occurs at low frequency. The cuticular hydrocarbon transfer experiment indicated that cuticular hydrocarbons of TW1 females have an inhibitory effect on courtship by Mel6 males. A candidate component, a C25 diene, was inferred from the gas chromatography analyses. The intensity of male refusal of TW1 females was variable among different strains of D. melanogaster, which suggested the presence of variation in sensitivity to different chemicals on the cuticle. Such variation could be a potential factor for the establishment of premating isolation under some conditions

Imbalance of CPU temperatures in a blade system and its impact for power consumption of fans

We are now developing a new metric of data center power efficiency to fairly evaluate the contribution of each improvement for power efficiency. In order to develop it, we built a testbed of a data center and measured power consumption of each components and environmental variables in some detail, including the power consumption and temperature of each node, rack and air conditioning unit, as well as load on the CPU, Disk I/O and the network. In these measurements we found that there was a significant imbalance of CPU temperatures that caused an imbalance in the power consumption of fans. We clarified the relationship between CPU load and fan speed, and showed that scheduling or rearrangement of nodes could reduce the power consumption of fans. We reduced fan power consumption by a maximum of 62% and total power consumption by a maximum of 12% by changing the scheduling of five nodes, changing the nodes used from hot nodes to cool nodes

Electrochemical performance of Sn4P3 negative electrode for Na-ion batteries in ether-substituted ionic liquid electrolyte

We have previously disclosed that the ionic-liquid electrolyte sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (NaFSA)/1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (Py13-FSA) can significantly improve the cycling stability of Sn4P3 negative electrodes for Na-ion batteries (NIBs). However, the strong electrostatic interaction between Na+ and FSA− in the electrolyte leads to high viscosity and low conductivity. In this study, we have tried to improve the conductivity of the electrolyte and enhance the rate capability of the Sn4P3 electrode by introducing an ether group in the side-chain of the ionic liquid cation to reduce said electrostatic interaction. Ether-substituted ionic liquid 1-methoxymethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium (PyMOM)-FSA showed higher conductivity than Py13-FSA and the Sn4P3 electrode exhibited a higher rate capability. The differential capacity vs. potential plots suggest that the reaction between Na+ and Sn or P is promoted in the ether-substituted ionic liquid electrolyte. These results demonstrate that introduction of an ether moiety is an effective approach to improve the rate capability of the Sn4P3 electrode in NIBs