An analysis of a spatial and economic structure in a region comprising the different kinds of competition

A country or a vast region usually comprises different kinds of spatial competition, a free-entry competition, imperfective competition, and a local monopoly, in its economic system: While many firms concentrate on a place and formulate the competitive market there, a same kind firm exists on another area and enjoys a local monopoly position on the market area. When the markets with different natures of competition are independent from each other economically as well as geographically, each market reveals a unique spatial and economic structures that are peculiar to the spatial competition in question. Since these spatial and economic structures have the obvious and typical characteristics, the existing theory of spatial economics may elucidate adequately these structures. In general, however, the markets are economically influenced each other in spite of being separated spatially. The spatial and economic structures of the markets are different from those of the markets isolated economically, and their structures may show the complicated features due to the affections from the other markets. In order to analyze these intricate structures successfully the model designed appropriately for this spatial system is needed. The purposes of the paper are, adopting the variant circumference model, to clarify the mechanism of interaction between the markets with the different kinds of competition and to analyze the spatial and economic structures generated on these markets in a region. This paper assumes the two kinds of competition, a quasi-perfect copetition and a local monopoly, and takes simultaneously goods and labor into the account in the analysis. Analyzing the market sizes and the commuting rages of the firms and the firms' profits, prices, and wage rates on the markets, the paper shows the spatial and economic structures established in the region comprising two different kinds of spatial competition.

An Analysis of Regional Production Activity Using Regional Connection Indexes

This paper examines the relation between connection economy and economic activity of a region. There are two types of connection economy: the city system economy and the reginal connection economy. The paper indirectly estimates the effects of the connection economies on the regional economic activity because it is difficult to directly measure influence of these economies on economic activity. First, it divides the 47 prefectures of Japan into 4 categories. And it classifies the prefectures belonging to each of the 4 categories into 4 groups using the regional connection indexes created on the basis on branch factories and sales offices. And then, the paper estimates the effects of the connection economies on regional economic activity. The estimation suggests the followings. The economic activities of the prefectures that play a major socio-economic role in Japan have low regional connection based on sales offices and have high regional connection based on branch factories. On the other hand, the economic activities of the prefectures that do not enjoy abundantly the city system economy and the connection economy based on people flow amount have high the regional connection based on sales offices. Those of the prefectures adjacent to the Tokyo and Osaka prefecture have low regional connection based on sales offices

Effects of Interaction of Internal and External Economy on Production Activity in Industrial Park

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Improving the efficiency of complete denture treatment

In Japan, the number of elderly people with missing teeth has been decreasing. However, the number of patients wearing complete denture has not decreased. Therefore, suitable complete denture adjustment for the elderly people is important. The chair time and treatment contents (medical interview, medical examination, fitting, occlusion, adjustment, denture cleaning, patient’s instruction, polishing, postoperative instruction, denture score, blank time) involved in complete denture adjustment were investigated and it is confirmed that there was a lot of patient’s and blank time. The blank time is defined as “time not engaged in treatment” for the dentist, “observation time” for the assistant, and “time sitting in the chair doing nothing” for the patient. This research aimed to clarify a treatment procedure that allows for effective use of the blank time to provide appropriate treatment to each patient. The participants included 31 patients with complete dentures, 14 dentists, and 12 less experienced dentists. Treatment timetables were created using video data. Analyses were carried out to develop a more effective treatment protocol by changing treatment procedures and contents. Issues associated with treatment were also investigated. Treatment activities and chair time during denture adjustment (57 participants) were investigated to do treatment smoothly. As a result there were 22 out of 31 patients (deficiency of the denture cleaning etc.) whose treatment activities should be improved. The results suggested that treatment procedures that allow for effective use of patient’s and less experienced dentist’s blank time to provide appreciate treatment to each patient can be clarified

Bispectral index-guided propofol sedation during endoscopic ultrasonography

Background/Aims Bispectral index (BIS) monitors process and display electroencephalographic data are used to assess the depth of anesthesia. This study retrospectively evaluated the usefulness of BIS monitoring during endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Methods This study included 725 consecutive patients who underwent EUS under sedation with propofol. BIS monitoring was used in 364 patients and was not used in 361. The following parameters were evaluated: (1) median dose of propofol; (2) respiratory and circulatory depression; (3) occurrence of body movements; (4) awakening score >8 at the time; and (5) awakening score 2 hours after leaving the endoscopy room. Results The BIS group received a significantly lower median dose of propofol than the non-BIS group (159.2 mg vs. 167.5 mg; p=0.015) in all age groups. For patients aged ≥75 years, the reduction in heart rate was significantly lower in the BIS group than in the non-BIS group (1.2% vs. 9.1%; p=0.023). Moreover, the occurrence of body movements was markedly lower in the BIS group than in the non-BIS group (8.5% vs. 39.4%; p<0.001). Conclusions During EUS examination, BIS monitoring is useful for maintaining a constant depth of anesthesia, especially in patients 75 years of age or older