脂質過酸化物により劣化させられたチューブリンのGTPase活性に対するSH基還元剤(グルタチオン・システイン)の回復効果

Tubulin, which is a main component of the cytoskeleton, plays various important roles in cellular processes such as axonal transport, ciliary and flagellar movement, cell division, and cell segregation in the form of microtubules. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of SH reductants on phospholipid peroxides-induced inhibition of tubulin GTPase activity. Lipid peroxides were prepared by photooxidation of lipoid S100 of phospholipid obtained from soybean. Tubulin GTPase activity was most inhibited by lipid photooxidized for 24 hours among ones for 16 and 24 hours. The more the amount of lipid peroxides is added, the more the activity is inhibited. Tubulin GTPase activity was lowered even in the presence of a slight amount of lipid peroxides. This suggests that the presence of a slight amount of lipid peroxides influences cellular functions in vivo. Prepared lipid peroxides was identified as a monohydroperoxide by an electrochemical detection through HPLC and a mass spectrometry. Glutathione and cysteine was used as water soluble reductants. Tubulin GTPase activity deteriorated by lipid peroxides was restored by the addition of water soluble reductants. The results presented above suggest that glutathione and cysteine have a protective effect on cellular aging by the reduction of materials oxidized in vivo

ソバ種実から得られる低分子性タンパク質のキチン結合活性ならびに抗真菌活性

The low molecular weight proteins which had affinity for chitin were purified in two types of crystalline forms from buckwheat seeds and named as buckwheat chitin-binding proteins I and II, BCP I and II. respectively. To elucidate biological properties of BCP II of them, chitin-binding and antifungal activities of the protein were examined in detail. BCP II possessed the binding specificity for β-1, 4-linked N-acetylglucosamine polysaccharide, chitin, and bound to chitin, reversibly. It was found that the incubation of the protein with chitin at 30℃ and pH 8.0 for 20min was most suitable for the chitin-binding. The equilibrium absorption constant, Ka, and maximum amount of the bound protein, [PC]max, values for binding of BCP II with chitin were estimated to be 0.03 1/μmol and 18.2/μmol/g, respectively. This [PC]max value indicates that approximately 87.3mg of the protein utilizes 1g of chitin for binding. BCP II also showed the growth inhibition against fungi, Saccharomyces, Candida, Aspergillus and Penicillum tested, though the growth of bacteria was not inhibited by the protein, suggesting that the protein may play a important role as defense protein against invasion of plant pathogenic fungi into seeds

Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: A comparative risk assessment

Background: High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010. Methods: We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of population-based health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the effects of risk factors on cause-specific mortality from meta-analyses of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the effects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specific population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specific deaths. We obtained cause-specific mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the final estimates. Findings: In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After accounting for multicausality, 63% (10·8 million deaths, 95% CI 10·1-11·5) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined effect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7·1 million deaths, 6·6-7·6) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the combined effects of these four risk factors surpassed 925 deaths per 100 000 for men in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, but were less than 130 deaths per 100 000 for women and less than 200 for men in some high-income countries including Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, and Spain. Interpretation: The salient features of the cardiometabolic disease and risk factor epidemic at the beginning of the 21st century are high blood pressure and an increasing effect of obesity and diabetes. The mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors has shifted from high-income to low-income and middle-income countries. Lowering cardiometabolic risks through dietary, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions should be a part of the global response to non-communicable diseases. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, US National Institutes of Health. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd