Cosmological Constraints on Neutrino Injection

We derive general constraints on the relic abundances of a long-lived particle which mainly decays into a neutrino (and something else) at cosmological time scales. Such an exotic particle may show up in various particle-physics models based on physics beyond the standard model. The constraints are obtained from big-bang nucleosynthesis, cosmic microwave background and diffuse neutrino and photon fluxes, depending on the lifetime and the electromagnetic and hadronic branching ratios.Comment: 33 pages, 23 figure

Novel migrating mouse neural crest cell assay system utilizing P0-Cre/EGFP fluorescent time-lapse imaging

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Neural crest cells (NCCs) are embryonic, multipotent stem cells. Their long-range and precision-guided migration is one of their most striking characteristics. We previously reported that <it>P0-Cre/CAG-CAT-lacZ </it>double-transgenic mice showed significant lacZ expression in tissues derived from NCCs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study, by embedding a <it>P0-Cre/CAG-CAT-EGFP </it>embryo at E9.5 in collagen gel inside a culture glass slide, we were able to keep the embryo developing <it>ex vivo </it>for more than 24 hours; this development was with enough NCC fluorescent signal intensity to enable single-cell resolution analysis, with the accompanying NCC migration potential intact and with the appropriate NCC response to the extracellular signal maintained. By implantation of beads with absorbed platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA), we demonstrated that PDGF-AA acts as an NCC-attractant in embryos.</p> <p>We also performed assays with NCCs isolated from <it>P0-Cre/CAG-CAT-EGFP </it>embryos on culture plates. The neuromediator 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been known to regulate NCC migration. We newly demonstrated that dopamine, in addition to 5-HT, stimulated NCC migration <it>in vitro</it>. Two NCC populations, with different axial levels of origins, showed unique distribution patterns regarding migration velocity and different dose-response patterns to both 5-HT and dopamine.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Although avian species predominated over the other species in the NCC study, our novel system should enable us to use mice to assay many different aspects of NCCs in embryos or on culture plates, such as migration, division, differentiation, and apoptosis.</p

Study of assessment of knowledge and understanding for coping with sick days among patients with diabetes in community pharmacy: a cluster randomized controlled trial (SAKURA trial)

[Background] Awareness regarding coping with sick days among patients with diabetes is limited. Thus, we evaluated the effectiveness of sick-day education by community pharmacists among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using sick-day educational materials (sick-day cards). [Methods] A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted. Pharmacists in the intervention group educated patients with T2D on coping with sick days (adjusting medication dosage and seeking medical advice) using sick-day cards compared with the usual counseling. Differences in questionnaire scores (“Anxiety”, “Intention”, “Attitude”, and “Knowledge” about sick days) before and after the intervention were compared between the groups. [Results] Overall, 318 patients with T2D (intervention, 119; control, 199) participated in this study, and 270 (intervention, 92; control, 178) patients were examined. There were no significant differences in “Anxiety”, “Intention”, or “Attitude” scores between the two groups, but “Knowledge” scores improved in the intervention group. For all intervention groups (92/92), a physician reviewed and approved medication and adjustment doses for sick days on the cards. [Conclusions] According to patients’ responses, sick-day education using teaching materials improved patient knowledge. This may help patients and their caregivers cope with sick days appropriately through medication dose adjustment and fluid intake. Research registration number: UMIN000043161 (February 1, 2021), https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr.cgifunction=brows&action=brows&recptno=R000048124&type=summary&language=

A Comprehensive Study of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease

The clinical benefits of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for Parkinson's disease (PD) remain controversial. We performed a comprehensive study to examine whether rTMS is a safe and effective treatment for PD. Twelve PD patients received rTMS once a week. The crossover study design consisted of 4-week sham rTMS followed by 4-week real rTMS. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Modified Hoehn and Yahr Stage, Schwab and England ADL Scale, Actigraph, Mini-Mental State Examination, Hamilton Depression Scale, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-revised, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations were used to evaluate the rTMS effects. Under both drug-on and drug-off conditions, the real rTMS improved the UPDRS scores significantly, while the sham rTMS did not. There were no significant changes in the results of the neuropsychological tests, CBF and CSF. rTMS seems to be a safe and effective therapeutic option for PD patients, especially in a wearing-off state

女子スポーツ選手におけるMRI画像からみた腰椎アライメントと腰痛との関連について

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was performed on 89 female athletes (26 handball players and 63 track and field athletes) to clarify the associations between symptoms of lumbago and lumbar alignment in MRI. The lumbar alignments are lumbosacral angle (LSA), angle of lumbar curvature (ALC), disk wedge angle (DWA) and angle of lumbosacral curvature (ALSC). The average LSA of all subjects was 140.81°±5.76 (154.82°-126.55°), ALC was 32.84°±7.84 (48.64°-13.62°), and ALSC was 46.95°±9.47 (72.34°-23.63°). The average LSA of subjects with lumbago was 140.02°±5.67, and that of subjects without lumbago 142.02°±5.76. The average ALC of subjects with lumbago was 33.00°±7.98, and that of subjects without lumbago 32.58°±7.73. There were no statistically significant correlations between lumbago and LSA or ALC. Further investigation will be required to determine whether lumbar alignment is the main cause of lumbago

Compressive force inhibits adipogenesis through COX-2-mediated down-regulation of PPARγ2 and C/EBPα

Various mechanical stimuli affect differentiation of mesoderm-derived cells such as osteoblasts or myoblasts, suggesting that adipogenesis may be also influenced by mechanical stimulation. However, effects of mechanical stimuli on adipogenesis are scarcely known. Compressive force was applied to a human preadipocyte cell line, SGBS. Levels of gene expression were estimated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The accumulation of lipids was evaluated by Sudan III or Oil Red O staining. In SGBS cells subjected to a compressive force of 226 Pa for 12 h before adipogenic induction, adipogenesis was inhibited. Compressive force immediately after adipogenic induction did not affect the adipogenesis. The expression　of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ2 and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) α mRNA during adipogenesis was inhibited by compressive force, whereas C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ mRNA levels were unaffected. In preadipocytes, compressive force increased mRNA levels of Krüppel-like factor 2, preadipocyte factor 1, WNT10b, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which are known as negative regulators for the PPARγ2 and C/EBPα genes. Furthermore, a COX-2 inhibitor completely reversed the inhibition of adipogenesis by compressive force. In conclusion, compressive force inhibited adipogenesis by suppressing expression of PPARγ2 and C/EBPα in a COX-2-dependent manner

Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam View of Quasar Host Galaxies at z < 1

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are key for understanding the coevolution of galaxies and supermassive black holes (SMBHs). AGN activity is thought to affect the properties of their host galaxies, via a process called "AGN feedback", which drives the co-evolution. From a parent sample of 1151 z < 1 type-1 quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasar catalog, we detected host galaxies of 862 of them in the high-quality grizy images of the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey. The unprecedented combination of the survey area and depth allows us to perform a statistical analysis of the quasar host galaxies, with small sample variance. We fit the radial image profile of each quasar as a linear combination of the point spread function and the Sersic function, decomposing the images into the quasar nucleus and the host galaxy components. We found that the host galaxies are massive, with stellar mass Mstar > 10^(10) Msun, and are mainly located on the green valley. This trend is consistent with a scenario in which star formation of the host galaxies is suppressed by AGN feedback, that is, AGN activity may be responsible for the transition of these galaxies from the blue cloud to the red sequence. We also investigated the SMBH mass to stellar mass relation of the z < 1 quasars, and found a consistent slope with the local relation, while the SMBHs may be slightly undermassive. However, the above results are subject to our sample selection, which biases against host galaxies with low masses and/or large quasar-to-host flux ratios.Comment: Accepted for publication in PAS

Association Between Tooth Loss and Longitudinal Changes in B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Over 5 Years in Postmenopausal Women: The Nagahama Study

BACKGROUND: There is disparity between the sexes in cardiovascular diseases including heart failure (HF). This study aimed to investigate the effect of periodontal disease (PD) on plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration across sex, age, and menopausal status, as well as the interaction effect of MT and diabetes mellitus (DM) on BNP. METHODS: This large-scale prospective cohort study enrolled 7, 539 individuals with no myocardial infarctions or angina pectoris at baseline from the general Japanese population. The association between baseline number of missing teeth (MT) and the longitudinal changes in BNP over 5 years (ΔBNP) was evaluated according to sex and menopausal status. RESULTS: Among 7, 539 participants, 3, 190 were postmenopausal women with a mean age ± standard deviation of 61.1 ± 7.6 at baseline. Multivariate analysis revealed a positive association between MT and ΔBNP among postmenopausal women even after adjusting for covariates, including traditional HF risk factors (coefficient, 0.210; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.107 to 0.312; P 50. Including an interaction term (MT × DM) in the multivariate model revealed a positive interaction between MT and DM in ΔBNP among postmenopausal women (coefficient for interaction, 1.365; 95% CI, 0.902 to 1.827; P for interaction <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed a positive association between MT and ΔBNP, as well as a positive effect of the interactive association between MT and DM, among postmenopausal women. Our results suggest a sex difference of an adverse effect of PD on initial myocardial wall stress in the ventricles