Reduplication in English

Reduplication has been recognized in many languages of the world. There are two main types of reduplication as viewed from word-for-mation: complete (or total) reduplication, where all of the stem is repeated like "quack-quack" and incomplete (or partial) reduplication, where only a part of the stem is repeated like "hee-haw", "bow-wow". The seven functions of reduplication in Motu, one of the Austronesian languages in Melanesia are reported, that is, plurality, diminution, intensification, formation of colour adjective, formation of nouns from verbs, continuation, and formation of intransitive verbs form transitive verbs. But in English morphology, reduplication has been neglected by many linguists, since it does not play an important part in English grammar. The purpose of this study is to show the main function of reduplication in English and the relation between parts of speech and word-formations in reduplication. In English, reduplicated compounds denoting natural and animal sounds are very frequent and productive. From OALD and other linguistic articles, reduplicated compounds are collected and classified. The most abundant data for a word-class can be found for interjections: Interjection > Noun > Adjective. At the moment we cannot say what is the most frequent category, but from the above examples, the modification of a vowel is more numerous than the modification of a consonant: Repetition of a Word > Modification of a Vowel > Modification of a Consonant. The main function of English reduplication is intensification, though it is not lexicalized. Intensification is found with adjectives and adverbs. The distributive and durative functions are excluded here, since RED combined with "and", "by", "to" lacks linguistic adequacy. The names of animals and plants have no grammatical function, though it is almost certain that they refer to aspects of the culture. The problem of major interest is the interplay of structural and non-structural factors (See p.7)

Ibuprofen for neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia

ObjectiveIbuprofen has been shown to reduce cerebral ischemic injury, such as may occur after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. We investigated whether ibuprofen has direct protective effects against excitotoxic neuronal injury, as may be seen after cerebral ischemia, by using a cell culture model.MethodsMixed cortical cultures containing neuronal and glial cells were prepared from fetal mice at 13 to 15 days gestation, plated on a layer of confluent astrocytes from 1- to 3-day-old postnatal pups. Near-pure neuronal cultures containing less than 5% astrocytes were obtained from mice of the same gestational stage. Slowly triggered excitotoxic injury was induced at 37°C by 24-hour exposure to 12.5 μmol/L N-methyl-D-aspartate or 50 μmol/L kainate. Neuronal death was quantified by release of lactate dehydrogenase from damaged cells. Data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc multiple comparisons.ResultsIn mixed cultures, ibuprofen concentrations of 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL all significantly reduced N-methyl-D-aspartate–induced neuronal cell death from 74.5% to 56.1%, 38.7%, and 12.3%, respectively, revealing a strong dose response (P < .001). In near-pure cultures, ibuprofen at a concentration of 25 μg/mL failed to protect neurons, indicating that the neuroprotective effects of ibuprofen require interaction with glial cells. Furthermore, ibuprofen at 100 μg/mL was not protective against neuronal cell death induced by kainate exitotoxicity in near-pure culture but was effective in mixed cultures.ConclusionIbuprofen provides neuroprotection through glial cells against excitotoxic neuronal injury caused by glutamatergic excitotoxicity after cerebral ischemia as demonstrated by reduced neuronal cell death in mixed cell cultures. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential of ibuprofen to reduce neurologic injury in patients experiencing an hypoxic/ischemic insult

Large-scale Filamentary Structure around the Protocluster at Redshift z=3.1

We report the discovery of a large-scale coherent filamentary structure of Lyman alpha emitters in a redshift space at z=3.1. We carried out spectroscopic observations to map the three dimensional structure of the belt-like feature of the Lyman alpha emitters discovered by our previous narrow-band imaging observations centered on the protocluster at z=3.1. The feature was found to consist of at least three physical filaments connecting with each other. The result is in qualitative agreement with the prediction of the 'biased' galaxy-formation theories that galaxies preferentially formed in large-scale filamentary or sheet-like mass overdensities in the early Universe. We also found that the two known giant Lyman alpha emission-line nebulae showing high star-formation activities are located near the intersection of these filaments, which presumably evolves into a massive cluster of galaxies in the local Universe. This may suggest that massive galaxy formation occurs at the characteristic place in the surrounding large-scale structure at high redshift.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

Relationship between sleep duration and clustering of metabolic syndrome diagnostic components

Sayuri Katano1, Yasuyuki Nakamura1,2, Aki Nakamura1, Yoshitaka Murakami3, Taichiro Tanaka4, Toru Takebayashi5, Akira Okayama6, Katsuyuki Miura2, Tomonori Okamura7, Hirotsugu Ueshima2, for HIPOP-OHP Research Group1Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Kyoto Women&amp;#39;s University, Kyoto, Japan; 2Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; 3Department of Medical Statistics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; 4Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan; 5Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; 6The First Institute of Health Service, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan; 7Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, JapanObjective: To examine the relation between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome (MetS).Methods: We examined the baseline data from 4356 healthy workers (3556 men and 800 women) aged 19&amp;ndash;69 years. The physical activity of each participant was classified according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). We defined four components of MetS diagnostic components in this study as follows: 1) high blood pressure (BP) systolic BP [SBP] &amp;ge; 130 mmHg, or diastolic BP [DBP] &amp;ge; 85 mmHg, or on medication; 2) dyslipidemia (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration ,40 mg/dL, or triglycerides concentration &amp;ge;150 mg/dL, or on medication; 3) impaired glucose tolerance (fasting blood sugar concentration &amp;ge; 110 mg/dL, or if less than 8 hours after meals &amp;ge; 140 mg/dL), or on medication; and 4) overweight (body mass index [BMI] &amp;ge; 25 kg/m2), or obesity (BMI &amp;ge; 30 kg/m2). There were 680 participants in the group, with sleep duration &amp;lt;6 hours (15.6%).Results: Those who had 0&amp;ndash;4 MetS diagnostic components, including overweight, accounted for 2159, 1222, 674, 255, and 46 participants, respectively, in the Poisson distribution. Poisson regression analysis revealed that independent factors that contributed to the number of MetS diagnostic components were being male (regression coefficient b = 0.752, P &amp;lt; 0.001), age (b = 0.026, P &amp;lt; 0.001), IPAQ classification (b = -0.238, P = 0.034), and alcohol intake (mL/day) (b = 0.018, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Short sleep duration (&amp;lt;6 hours) was also related to the number of MetS (b = 0.162, P &amp;lt; 0.001). The results of analyses with obesity component showed a similar association.Conclusion: Short sleep duration was positively associated with the number of MetS diagnostic components independent of other lifestyle habits.Keyword: short sleep duration, MetS diagnostic components, obesit

Supravalvular thrombus after pulmonary artery banding and fontan procedure evaluated by multidetector-row computed tomography

SummaryThe mechanisms responsible for thromboembolic events in children with congenital heart disease have not yet been fully elucidated. Furthermore, establishment of long-term anticoagulation therapy in Fontan patients remains controversial. Here, we report the case of a 9-year-old boy who presented with hemiparesis due to a thromboembolic stroke; the boy had previously undergone staged pulmonary artery banding and Fontan procedure. Cardiac multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) clearly showed the supravalvular thrombus at the roofed (blind) pulmonary valve and circulatory stasis, which could be considered a possible source of the thrombus. Follow-up CT examination showed that the thrombus disappeared, but the circulatory stasis remained. Therefore, because the risk of thrombus formation was not eliminated, anticoagulation therapy was continued for the patient. Our case indicates the possible application of cardiac MDCT for providing insight into the hemodynamic mechanisms responsible for the thromboembolic events in children with congenital heart disease

Researches in Japan on heavy ion inertial fusion

Recent research activities in Japan are presented in this paper in heavy ion inertial fusion (HIF) [1]: shown are particle accelerator developments, beam dynamics researches, interaction between heavy ions and target materials, ion source developments, and illumination schemes of heavy ion beams (HIBs) in HIF..

The Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). IV. Evolution of Lya Emitters from z=3.1 to 5.7 in the 1 deg^2 Field: Luminosity Functions and AGN

We present luminosity functions (LFs) and various properties of Lya emitters (LAEs) at z=3.1, 3.7, and 5.7, in a 1 deg^2 sky of the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS) Field. We obtain a photometric sample of 858 LAE candidates based on deep Subaru/Suprime-Cam imaging data, and a spectroscopic sample of 84 confirmed LAEs from Subaru/FOCAS and VLT/VIMOS spectroscopy in a survey volume of ~10^6 Mpc^3 with a limiting Lya luminosity of ~3x10^42 erg/s. We derive the LFs of Lya and UV-continuum (~1500 \AA) for each redshift, taking into account the statistical error and the field-to-field variation. We find that the apparent Lya LF shows no significant evolution between z=3.1 and 5.7 within factors of 1.8 and 2.7 in L* and phi*, respectively. On the other hand, the UV LF of LAEs increases from z=3.1 to 5.7, indicating that galaxies with Lya emission are more common at earlier epochs. We identify six LAEs with AGN activities from our spectra combined with VLA, Spitzer, and XMM-Newton data. Among the photometrically selected LAEs at z=3.1 and 3.7, only ~1 % show AGN activities, while the brightest LAEs with logL(Lya) >~ 43.4-43.6 erg/s appear to always host AGNs. Our LAEs are bluer in UV-continuum color than dropout galaxies, suggesting lower extinction and/or younger stellar populations. Our stacking analyses provide upper limits to the radio luminosity and the f(HeII)/f(Lya) line fraction, and constrain the hidden star formation (+low-luminosity AGN) and the primordial population in LAEs.Comment: 75 pages, 27 figures; ApJS in press. High resolution version at http://www.ociw.edu/~ouchi/work/astroph/sxds_LAEs/ouchi_SXDSLAE_ApJS.pd

Relationship between Dietary and Other Lifestyle Habits and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Men

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Prevalence of men with cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) is increasing in Japan. Few studies have comprehensively examined the relation between lifestyles and CMRF.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We examined the baseline data from 3,498 male workers ages 19 to 69 years who participated in the high-risk and population strategy for occupational health promotion (HIPOP-OHP) study at 12 large-scale companies throughout Japan. The physical activity of each participant was classified according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Dietary intake was surveyed by a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. We defined four CMRF in this study as follows: 1) high blood pressure (BP): systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg, or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg, or the use of antihypertensive drugs; 2) dyslipidemia: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration < 40 mg/dl, or triglycerides concentration ≥ 150 mg/dl, or on medication for dyslipidemia; 3) impaired glucose tolerance: fasting blood sugar concentration ≥110 mg/dl; 4) obese: a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m².</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Those who had 0 to 4 CMRF accounted for 1,597 (45.7%), 1,032 (29.5%), 587 (16.8%), 236 (6.7%), and 44 (1.3%) participants, respectively, in the Poisson distribution. Poisson regression analysis revealed that independent factors that contributed to the number of CMRF were age (b = 0.020, P < 0.01), IPAQ (b = -0.091, P < 0.01), alcohol intake (ml/day) (b = 0.001, P = 0.03), percentage of protein intake (b = 0.059, P = 0.01), and total energy intake (kcal)(b = 0.0001, P < 0.01). Furthermore, alcohol intake and its frequency had differential effects.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Alcohol intake, percent protein and total energy intake were positively associated, whereas drinking frequency and IPAQ were inversely associated, with the number of CMRF.</p

Discovery of a Giant Lyα Emitter Near the Reionization Epoch

‘In these times, during the rise in the popularity of institutional repositories, the Society does not forbid authors from depositing their work in such repositories. However, the AAS regards the deposit of scholarly work in such repositories to be a decision of the individual scholar, as long as the individual's actions respect the diligence of the journals and their reviewers.’ Original article can be found at : http://iopscience.iop.org/ Copyright American Astronomical SocietyWe report the discovery of a giant Lyα emitter (LAE) with a Spitzer/Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) counterpart near the reionization epoch at z = 6.595. The giant LAE is found from the extensive 1 deg2 Subaru narrowband survey for z = 6.6 LAEs in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS) field, and subsequently identified by deep spectroscopy of Keck/DEIMOS and Magellan/IMACS. Among our 207 LAE candidates, this LAE is not only the brightest narrowband object with L(Lyα) = 3.9 ± 0.2 × 1043 erg s–1 in our survey volume of 106 Mpc3, but also a spatially extended Lyα nebula with the largest isophotal area whose major axis is at least 3''. This object is more likely to be a large Lyα nebula with a size of 17 kpc than to be a strongly lensed galaxy by a foreground object. Our Keck spectrum with medium-high spectral and spatial resolutions suggests that the velocity width is v FWHM = 251 ± 21 km s–1, and that the line-center velocity changes by 60 km s–1 in a 10 kpc range. The stellar mass and star formation rate are estimated to be 0.9-5.0 × 1010 M and >34 M yr–1, respectively, from the combination of deep optical to infrared images of Subaru, UKIDSS-Ultra Deep Survey, and Spitzer/IRAC. Although the nature of this object is not yet clearly understood, this could be an important object for studying cooling clouds accreting onto a massive halo, or forming-massive galaxies with significant outflows contributing to cosmic reionization and metal enrichment of intergalactic medium.Peer reviewe