Penggunaan Media Gambar Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Siswa Kelas I SDN Uwedaka Kecamatan Pagimana Kabupaten Banggai

Pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah rendahnya tingkat kemampuan membaca permulaan siswa kelas I SDN Uwedaka dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Tujuan Penelitian adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan membaca permulaan siswa kelas I SDN Uwedaka Kecamatan Pagimana Kabupaten Banggai. Berdasarkan hasil observasi yang didapatkan masih terdapat beberapa siswa yang sama sekali belum bisa membaca. Pembelajaran membaca permulaan di SDN Uwedaka selama ini hanya menggunakan media pembelajaran yang konvensional yaitu dengan menggunakan papan tulis, pembelajaran yang hanya berpusat pada guru, penggunaan media dalam pembelajaran sebagai alat bantu masih sangat terbatas, hal ini menyebabkan kemampuan membaca permulaan yang masih rendah dan terlihat hampir 65% siswa masih mengalami kesulitan membaca dalam proses belajar mengajar. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data kualitatif didapatkan dari hasil tes dan observasi siswa dan guru. data kuantitatif didapatkan dari hasil tes belajar. Desain penelitian ini mengacu pada desain oleh Kemmis dan Mc Taggart yang terdiri dari empat tahapan, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Data dikumpulkan melalui penilaian proses dan penilaian hasil setiap akhir tindakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Pada siklus I diperoleh nilai rata-rata siswa yaitu sebesar 67 dengan ketuntasan belajar klasikal sebesar 40% serta daya serap 66,6%. Pada siklus II, nilai rata-rata meningkat menjadi 83 dengan ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 100% serta daya serap klasikal sebesar 83,3%. Bersarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan media gambar dapat meningkatkan kemampuan membaca permulaan terhadap siswa kelas I SDN Uwedaka Kecamatan Pagimana Kabupaten Banggai

<em>ZNF385B</em> and <em>VEGFA</em> Are Strongly Differentially Expressed in Serous Ovarian Carcinomas and Correlate with Survival

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The oncogenesis of ovarian cancer is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify mRNAs differentially expressed between moderately and poorly differentiated (MD/PD) serous ovarian carcinomas (SC), serous ovarian borderline tumours (SBOT) and superficial scrapings from normal ovaries (SNO), and to correlate these mRNAs with clinical parameters including survival.</p> <h3>Methods</h3><p>Differences in mRNA expression between MD/PD SC, SBOT and SNO were analyzed by global gene expression profiling (n = 23), validated by RT-qPCR (n = 41) and correlated with clinical parameters.</p> <h3>Results</h3><p>Thirty mRNAs differentially expressed between MD/PD SC, SBOT and SNO were selected from the global gene expression analyses, and 21 were verified (p<0.01) by RT-qPCR. Of these, 13 mRNAs were differentially expressed in MD/PD SC compared with SNO (p<0.01) and were correlated with clinical parameters. ZNF385B was downregulated (FC = −130.5, p = 1.2×10⁻⁷) and correlated with overall survival (p = 0.03). VEGFA was upregulated (FC = 6.1, p = 6.0×10⁻⁶) and correlated with progression-free survival (p = 0.037). Increased levels of TPX2 and FOXM1 mRNAs (FC = 28.5, p = 2.7×10⁻¹⁰ and FC = 46.2, p = 5.6×10⁻⁴, respectively) correlated with normalization of CA125 (p = 0.03 and p = 0.044, respectively). Furthermore, we present a molecular pathway for MD/PD SC, including VEGFA, FOXM1, TPX2, BIRC5 and TOP2A, all significantly upregulated and directly interacting with TP53.</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We have identified 21 mRNAs differentially expressed (p<0.01) between MD/PD SC, SBOT and SNO. Thirteen were differentially expressed in MD/PD SC, including ZNF385B and VEGFA correlating with survival, and FOXM1 and TPX2 with normalization of CA125. We also present a molecular pathway for MD/PD SC.</p> </div

Clinicopathological and laboratory information for patients selected for RT-qPCR analyses.

a<p>12 MD, 9 PD. SD: Standard deviation. CI: Confidence Interval. Further abbreviations are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046317#pone-0046317-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Cluster analysis heatmap.

<p>Cluster analysis heatmap of the expression levels (ΔCq values) of 21 differentially expressed mRNAs (p<0.01) in moderately (MD) and poorly differentiated (PD) serous ovarian carcinomas (SC), serous ovarian borderline tumours (SBOT) and superficial scrapings from normal ovaries (SNO). Each column represents an mRNA and each row a sample. The more over-and under-expressed the mRNA, the brighter the red and blue colour, respectively. Due to technical analysis errors for DYNLRB2, CRABP2, CRISP2, CRISP3 and LCN2 in sample nr 7, 21 and 26, these values are calculated as the mean ΔCq values of each subgroup. Further abbreviations are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046317#pone-0046317-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

Kaplan-Meier survival curves.

<p>Overall survival curves according to ZNF385B mRNA expression level (FC) tertiles (<b>A</b>) and progression-free survival curves according to VEGFA mRNA expression level (FC) tertiles (<b>B</b>) in patients with moderately and poorly differentiated serous ovarian carcinomas. A: High expression. B: Intermediate expression. C: Low expression.</p

Molecular pathway for moderately and poorly differentiated serous ovarian carcinomas.

<p>▾acts on (– direct interaction, -- indirect interaction), _⊥ inhibits. The pathway was facilitated through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Abbreviations are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046317#pone-0046317-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

Real-time PCR analysis.

<p>Real-time PCR analysis of the EGFR-T790M point mutation. The figure shows a representative sample showing the T790M point mutation detected in a patient sample: the control-curve indicates the amplification of a region of exon 2 of the EGFR gene and is used to assess the total DNA in the sample while the T790M-curve indicates the amplification of the T790M-mutant allele in the sample. The other curves labelled with U indicate unspecific amplification of DNA (not present in further analysis).</p

Patients´characteristics: three individual Norwegian breast cancer patients with EGFR T790M mutations.

<p>*Age, age at breast cancer surgery; IDC, infiltrating ductal carcinoma; IHC, immunohistochemistry; PMCA, pleomorph carcinoma (subtype of IDC); LUM-A, luminal A subtype; SNP, sentinel node procedure; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer subtype</p><p>Patients´characteristics: three individual Norwegian breast cancer patients with EGFR T790M mutations.</p

Patients´ characteristics: frequencies and percentage (n = 131).

<p>IDC, infiltrating ductal carcinoma; ILC, infiltrating lobular carcinoma; MED, medullary carcinoma; ER, estrogen receptor; PGR, progesterone receptor; HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor type II; BC, breast cancer; LUM-A, luminal A subtype; LUM-B, luminal B subtype; HER-2 pos., Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor type II positive (confirmed either by immunohistochemistry 3+ or by in-situ-hybridisation techniques); TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer</p><p>Patients´ characteristics: frequencies and percentage (n = 131).</p

Primers used for direct Sanger-sequencing of EGFR-Exon 20

<p>Primers used for direct Sanger-sequencing of EGFR-Exon 20</p