The anomalous process gamma pi -> pi pi to two loops

The amplitude for the anomalous process gamma pi -> pi pi is evaluated to two loops in the chiral expansion by means of a dispersive method. The two new coupling constants that enter at this order are estimated via sum rules derived from a non-perturbative chiral approach. With these coupling constants fixed, the numerical results are given and compared with the available experimental information.Comment: 23 pages, 4 figure

Utilization, release, and long-term fate of ancient carbon from eroding permafrost coastlines

About 34% of global coast lines are underlain by permafrost. Rising temperatures cause an acceleration in erosion rates of up to 10s of meters annually, exporting increasing amounts of carbon and nutrients to the coastal ocean. The degradation of ancient organic carbon (OC) from permafrost is an important potential feedback mechanism in a warming climate. However, little is known about permafrost OC degradation after entering the ocean and its long term-fate after redeposition on the sea floor. Some recent studies have revealed CO2 release to occur when ancient permafrost materials are incubated with sea water. However, despite its importance for carbon feedback mechanisms, no study has directly assessed whether this CO2 release is indeed derived from respiration of ancient permafrost OC. We used a multi-disciplinary approach incubating Yedoma permafrost from the Lena Delta in natural coastal seawater from the south-eastern Kara Sea. By combining biogeochemical analyses, DNA-sequencing, ramped oxidation, pyrolysis and stable and radiocarbon isotope analysis we were able to: 1) quantify CO2 emissions from permafrost utilization; 2) for the first time demonstrate the amount of ancient OC contributing to CO2 emissions; 3) link the processes to specific microbial communities; and 4) characterize and assess lability of permafrost OC after redeposition on the sea floor. Our data clearly indicate high bioavailability of permafrost OC and rapid utilization after thawed material has entered the water column, while observing only minor changes in permafrost OC composition over time. Microbial communities are distinctly different in suspended Yedoma particles and water. Overall, our results suggest that under anthropogenic Arctic warming, enhanced coastal erosion will result in increased greenhouse gas emissions, as formerly freeze-locked ancient permafrost OC is remineralized by microbial communities when released to the coastal ocean

Global Emergency Medicine: A Review of the Literature From 2012

Objectives The Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review ( GEMLR ) conducts an annual search of peer‐reviewed and grey literature relevant to global emergency medicine ( EM ) to identify, review, and disseminate the most important new research in this field to a worldwide audience of academics and clinical practitioners. Methods This year, our search identified 4,818 articles written in six languages. These articles were distributed among 20 reviewers for initial screening based on their relevance to the field of global EM . Two additional reviewers searched and screened the grey literature. A total of 224 articles were deemed appropriate by at least one reviewer and were approved by their editor for formal scoring of overall quality and importance. Results Of the 224 articles that met our predetermined inclusion criteria, 56% were categorized as Emergency Care in Resource‐limited Settings, 18% as EM development, and 26% as Disaster and Humanitarian Response. A total of 28 articles received scores of 16 or higher and were selected for formal summary and critique. Inter‐rater reliability for two reviewers using our scoring system was good, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.625 (95% confidence interval = 0.512 to 0.711). Conclusions In 2012 there were more disaster and humanitarian response articles than in previous years. As in prior years, the majority of articles addressed the acute management of infectious diseases or the care of vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. Resumen Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias Global: Una Revisión de la Literatura de 2012 Objetivos La revisión de la literatura publicada en Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias ( MUE ) global comporta una búsqueda anual de los trabajos relevantes para la MUE global, tanto publicados tras revisión por pares como corresponedientes a literatura gris. La finalidad es identificar, revisar y diseminar las investigaciones novedosas más importantes en este campoa médicos clínicos y universitarios de todo el mundo. Metodología Este año, nuestra búsqueda identificó 4.818 artículos escritos en seis lenguas. Estos artículos se distribuyeron entre 20 revisores para el despistaje inicial basándose en su relevancia para el campo de la MUE global. Dos revisores adicionales buscaron y filtraron la literatura gris. Un total de 224 artículos se consideraron apropiados por al menos un revisor, y se aprobaron por su editor para la puntuación formal de la calidad e importancia totales. Resultados De los 224 artículos que cumplieron nuestros criterios de inclusión predeterminados, un 56% se clasificaron como atención de urgencias y emergencias en ámbitos de recursos limitados, un 18% como desarrollo de la MUE y un 26% como catástrofes y respuesta humanitaria. Un total de 28 artículos recibieron una puntuación de 16 o más y se seleccionaron para el resumen y la crítica formal. La fiabilidad interobservador para los 2 revisores usando nuestro sistema de puntuación fue buena, con un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,625 ( IC 95% = 0,512 a 0,711). Conclusiones En 2012 hubo más artículos sobre catástrofes y respuesta humanitaria que en años anteriores. Como en los años previos, la mayoría de los artículos valoraron el manejo agudo de enfermedades infecciosas o la atención de poblaciones vulnerables como los niños y las mujeres embarazadas.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/99685/1/acem12173.pd

Unitarity, Chiral Perturbation Theory, and Meson Form Factors

The inverse-amplitude method is applied to the one-loop chiral expansion of the pion, kaon, and $K_{l3}$ form factors. Since these form factors are determined by the same chiral low-energy constants, it is possible to obtain finite predictions for the inverse-amplitude method. It is shown that this method clearly improves one-loop chiral perturbation theory, and a very good agreement between the inverse-amplitude method and the experimental information is obtained. This suggests that the inverse-amplitude method is a rather systematic way of improving chiral perturbation theory.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figs, uses REVTeX and epsfig.st

Vilhelm Lundstedt’s ‘Legal Machinery’ and the Demise of Juristic Practice

This article aims to contribute to the academic debate on the general crisis faced by law schools and the legal professions by discussing why juristic practice is a matter of experience rather than knowledge. Through a critical contextualisation of Vilhelm Lundstedt’s thought under processes of globalisation and transnationalism, it is argued that the demise of the jurist’s function is related to law’s scientification as brought about by the metaphysical construction of reality. The suggested roadmap will in turn reveal that the current voiding of juristic practice and its teaching is part of the crisis regarding what makes us human

Identification of six new susceptibility loci for invasive epithelial ovarian cancer.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 12 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) susceptibility alleles. The pattern of association at these loci is consistent in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers who are at high risk of EOC. After imputation to 1000 Genomes Project data, we assessed associations of 11 million genetic variants with EOC risk from 15,437 cases unselected for family history and 30,845 controls and from 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 8,211 BRCA2 mutation carriers (3,096 with ovarian cancer), and we combined the results in a meta-analysis. This new study design yielded increased statistical power, leading to the discovery of six new EOC susceptibility loci. Variants at 1p36 (nearest gene, WNT4), 4q26 (SYNPO2), 9q34.2 (ABO) and 17q11.2 (ATAD5) were associated with EOC risk, and at 1p34.3 (RSPO1) and 6p22.1 (GPX6) variants were specifically associated with the serous EOC subtype, all with P < 5 × 10(-8). Incorporating these variants into risk assessment tools will improve clinical risk predictions for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.COGS project is funded through a European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme grant (agreement number 223175 ] HEALTH ]F2 ]2009 ]223175). The CIMBA data management and data analysis were supported by Cancer Research.UK grants 12292/A11174 and C1287/A10118. The Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium is supported by a grant from the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund thanks to donations by the family and friends of Kathryn Sladek Smith (PPD/RPCI.07). The scientific development and funding for this project were in part supported by the US National Cancer Institute GAME ]ON Post ]GWAS Initiative (U19 ]CA148112). This study made use of data generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control consortium. Funding for the project was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award 076113. The results published here are in part based upon data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas Pilot Project established by the National Cancer Institute and National Human Genome Research Institute (dbGap accession number phs000178.v8.p7). The cBio portal is developed and maintained by the Computational Biology Center at Memorial Sloan ] Kettering Cancer Center. SH is supported by an NHMRC Program Grant to GCT. Details of the funding of individual investigators and studies are provided in the Supplementary Note. This study made use of data generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control consortium, funding for which was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award 076113. The results published here are, in part, based upon data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas Pilot Project established by the National Cancerhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3185This is the Author Accepted Manuscript of 'Identification of six new susceptibility loci for invasive epithelial ovarian cancer' which was published in Nature Genetics 47, 164–171 (2015) © Nature Publishing Group - content may only be used for academic research

Genetic Drivers of Heterogeneity in Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes1,2 and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type3,4. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution to these processes across ancestry groups, we aggregate genome-wide association study data from 2,535,601 individuals (39.7% not of European ancestry), including 428,452 cases of T2D. We identify 1,289 independent association signals at genome-wide significance (P \u3c 5 × 10-8) that map to 611 loci, of which 145 loci are, to our knowledge, previously unreported. We define eight non-overlapping clusters of T2D signals that are characterized by distinct profiles of cardiometabolic trait associations. These clusters are differentially enriched for cell-type-specific regions of open chromatin, including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, endothelial cells and enteroendocrine cells. We build cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores5 in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care

Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes1,2 and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type3,4. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution to these processes across ancestry groups, we aggregate genome-wide association study data from 2,535,601 individuals (39.7% not of European ancestry), including 428,452 cases of T2D. We identify 1,289 independent association signals at genome-wide significance (P &lt; 5 × 10-8) that map to 611 loci, of which 145 loci are, to our knowledge, previously unreported. We define eight non-overlapping clusters of T2D signals that are characterized by distinct profiles of cardiometabolic trait associations. These clusters are differentially enriched for cell-type-specific regions of open chromatin, including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, endothelial cells and enteroendocrine cells. We build cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores5 in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care.</p