40 research outputs found

    Reducing Print Time While Minimizing Loss in Mechanical Properties in Consumer FDM Parts

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    Fused deposition modeling (FDM), one of various additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, offers a useful and accessible tool for prototyping and manufacturing small volume functional parts. Polylactic acid (PLA) is among the commonly used materials for this process. This study explores the mechanical properties and print time of additively manufactured PLA with consideration to various process parameters. The objective of this study is to optimize the process parameters for the fastest print time possible while minimizing the loss in ultimate strength. Design of experiments (DOE) was employed using a split-plot design with five factors. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to verify the model significance or otherwise. Once the model was developed, confirmation points were run to validate the model. The model was confirmed since the observations at the optimum were within the prediction interval with a confidence value of 95%. Then, the model was used to assess the ultimate strength and print time of FDM parts with consideration to nozzle diameter, the number of outer shells, extrusion temperature, infill percentage, and infill pattern. Recommendations are discussed in detail in this study to reduce print time without sacrificing significant part strength

    A New Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Glass/Epoxy Composites at Low Temperatures

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    Для расчСта прочности ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ… нагруТСния Π² условиях ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ -60Β°C ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ аналитичСскиС ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ микромСханичСскиС характСристики ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ². Π’ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ стандартных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ… испытаний ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°, Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ микромСханичСскиС характСристики стСкловолокон ΠΈ эпоксидной ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… аналитичСских ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ расчСт Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΉ упругости ΠΈ характСристик прочности ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ ΠΈ -60Β°C.Π‘ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² расчСта ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ исслСдования. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠΉ расчСт ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΉ упругости ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ… обСспСчиваСт ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡƒΠΏΡ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π΅ соотвСтствиС ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ расчСтными ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ мСханичСским характСристикам этого ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ исслСдованных Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ….Π ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠΊ міцності ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ… навантаТСння Π² ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ… ΠΊΡ–ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡ— Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΈ Ρ– -60Β°Π‘ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π·Π° допомогою Π°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π· урахуванням ΠΌΡ–ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… характСристик ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°. На Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΌΡ–Π½Ρƒ Π²Ρ–Π΄ стандартних ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ–Π², Ρ‰ΠΎ Π±Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ²Π°Π½ΡŒ Π·Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΊΡ–Π² Π· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°, Π² Π΄Π°Π½Ρ–ΠΉ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ– ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΌΡ–Ρ€ΡŽΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΡ–ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… характСристик скловолокон Ρ– Споксидної ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρ–. Π—Π° допомогою Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΈΡ… Π°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ‡ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡŒΠΎΡ… Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΉ пруТності Ρ– характСристик міцності Π·Π° ΠΊΡ–ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡ— Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΈ Ρ–-60Β°Π‘. Π†Π· ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡŽ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Ρ–ΠΊΠ°Ρ†Ρ–Ρ— Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ–Π² Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ–Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ– дослідТСння. Показано, Ρ‰ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΠΉ Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΉ пруТності ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π° Π·Π° ΠΊΡ–ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡ— Ρ– Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΡƒΡ” використання ΠΏΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡ— ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ–. ΠžΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΡƒ Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΡ–ΠΆ Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΉ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ‰ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… характСристик Ρ†ΡŒΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ–Π°Π»Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ дослідТуваних Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ…

    Progressive Failure Analysis of Glass/Epoxy Composites at Low Temperatures

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    ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² космичСской ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ обусловливаСт Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ опрСдСлСния мСханичСских характСристик Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ стСклоэпоксидных ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ². Однако Π² настоящСС врСмя ΠΎΡ‚ΡΡƒΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ расчСтных исслСдований процСсса Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ стСклоэпоксидного Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° (с ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ напряТСний ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) Π² условияхтСрмомСханичСского статичСского нагруТСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ…. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° модСль, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ процСсс Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… пластинах ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ…. Π˜ΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠΈ опрСдСляСтся Π² ΡƒΠΏΡ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ постановкС. Нагрузка ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ пошагово, для ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ уровня Ρ€Π°ΡΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ напряТСния ΠΈ оцСниваСтся Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ критСря прочности. Бвойства ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ части Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π²Π°Ρ€ΡŒΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ согласно Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΡƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ с использованиСм Π½Π΅Π½ΡƒΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ коэффициСнта дСградацииТСсткости. Π”Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ выполняСтся модифицированная итСрация ΠΡŒΡŽΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π°β€“Π Π°Ρ„ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° сходимости. РасчСт повторяСтся для ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ прироста Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ с ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π° прочности. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ обСспСчиваСт Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π΅ согласованиС ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ расчСтными ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ ΠΈ -60Β°Π‘. ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ влияниС Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ пластин ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°.Використання ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ–Π² Ρƒ космічній Ρ– ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ–ΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½Ρ–Ρ†Ρ– Π·ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²Π»ΡŽΡ” Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…Ρ–Π΄Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ визначСння ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… характСристик Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ склоСпоксидних ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ–Π². Однак Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡŒΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ– відсутні Π΄Π°Π½Ρ– Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… Ρ– Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»Ρ–Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡŒ процСсу руйнування склоСпоксидного Π»ΠΎΠΌΡ–Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° (Ρ–Π· ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡŒ Π°Π±ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·) Π² ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ… статичного навантаТСння Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€. Π—Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ модСль, Ρ‰ΠΎ дозволяє Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ процСс руйнування Π² ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·Ρ–Ρ–Π·ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΈΡ… пластинах Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€. ΠŸΠΎΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ навантаТСння Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ½Ρ–ΠΉ постановці. НавантаТСння Π·Π±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆΡƒΡ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ступСнСво, для ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ рівня Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ напруТСння ΠΉ ΠΎΡ†Ρ–Π½ΡŽΡ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π΅ руйнування Π·Π° допомогою ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ–ΡŽ міцності. Властивості ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ–Π°Π»Ρƒ Π² частині Π»Π°ΠΌΡ–Π½Π°Ρ‚Π°, Π΄Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ місцС руйнування, Π²Π°Ρ€Ρ–ΡŽΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π³Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΎ Π· Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ руйнування Π· використанням Π½Π΅Π½ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ”Ρ„Ρ–Ρ†Ρ–Ρ”Π½Ρ‚Π° Π΄Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°Ρ†Ρ–Ρ— Торсткості. Π”Π°Π»Ρ– Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡƒΡ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ–ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ітСрація ΠΡŒΡŽΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π°β€“Π Π°Ρ„ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρƒ збіТності. Π ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡŽΡ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ для ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ приросту навантаТСння Π°ΠΆ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ руйнування Π· ΠΎΡ†Ρ–Π½ΠΊΠΎΡŽ Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Ρ– міцності. Π—Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΡƒΡ” Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΡƒ Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΡ–ΠΆ Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΉ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΈ -60Β°Π‘ Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΡ–ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡ—. ΠžΡ†Ρ–Π½ΡŽΡ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Π·ΠΌ руйнування пластин Ρ–Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°

    Consensus Middle East and North Africa Registry on Inborn Errors of Immunity

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    Background: Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic defects of immunity, which cause high rates of morbidity and mortality mainly among children due to infectious and non-infectious complications. The IEI burden has been critically underestimated in countries from middle- and low-income regions and the majority of patients with IEI in these regions lack a molecular diagnosis. Methods: We analyzed the clinical, immunologic, and genetic data of IEI patients from 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The data was collected from national registries and diverse databases such as the Asian Pacific Society for Immunodeficiencies (APSID) registry, African Society for Immunodeficiencies (ASID) registry, Jeffrey Modell Foundation (JMF) registry, J Project centers, and International Consortium on Immune Deficiency (ICID) centers. Results: We identified 17,120 patients with IEI, among which females represented 39.4%. Parental consanguinity was present in 60.5% of cases and 27.3% of the patients were from families with a confirmed previous family history of IEI. The median age of patients at the onset of disease was 36Β months and the median delay in diagnosis was 41Β months. The rate of registered IEI patients ranges between 0.02 and 7.58 per 100,000 population, and the lowest rates were in countries with the highest rates of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and death rates for children. Predominantly antibody deficiencies were the most frequent IEI entities diagnosed in 41.2% of the cohort. Among 5871 patients genetically evaluated, the diagnostic yield was 83% with the majority (65.2%) having autosomal recessive defects. The mortality rate was the highest in patients with non-syndromic combined immunodeficiency (51.7%, median age: 3.5Β years) and particularly in patients with mutations in specific genes associated with this phenotype (RFXANK, RAG1, and IL2RG). Conclusions: This comprehensive registry highlights the importance of a detailed investigation of IEI patients in the MENA region. The high yield of genetic diagnosis of IEI in this region has important implications for prevention, prognosis, treatment, and resource allocation

    A RARE CASE OF TUBAL PREGNANCY

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    <font><font color="#555555"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma">The tubal pregnancy is one of the most emergency cases in Ob & Gyn. EP Forms the second etiology of maternal mortality in USA.<br />So the early diagnosis of EP will save the life of mother and reserve her reproductive potential. Many cases of tubal pregnancy ended during the first trimester by intraperitoneal rupture since the oviduct is very narrow.<br />We have hada rare case which the tubal pregnancy continued for six month while the oviduct was completely safe. this case can rise question about the previous tubal pathological theories.</span></font></font&gt

    Tensile, compressive and shear properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites subjected to mechanical loading and low temperature services

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    299-309Composite materials are subjected to low temperatures in service and this has induced the need for a proper knowledge of low temperature behavior of composites. Most of the research in this field is focused on applying different types of loading and laminated configurations. This paper discusses the experimental study on the tensile, compressive and in-plane shear behavior of unidirectional (UD) glass fiber reinforced polymeric composite under static and low temperature loading conditions. Since UD composite is the basic building block of a composite structure and can be used to make general laminates. In order to fully characterize UD laminate, several experimental tests are performed using an environmental test chamber and a universal testing machine. Thermo-mechanical loads are applied to glass/epoxy unidirectional laminates at room temperature (25Β°C), -20Β°C and -60Β°C. The results of the present study indicate that low temperatures have a significant effect on composite failure mode. It is also found that the strength and modulus of UD composites both increased with decreasing the temperature in all cases including tensile, compressive and shear loads. On the other hand, the results show that strain to failure decreased by decreasing the temperature

    Dynamic failure behavior of glass/epoxy composites under low temperature using Charpy impact test method

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    211-220This paper demonstrates results of an experimental study on glass/epoxy laminated composites subjected to low velocity impact at energy levels equal to 10, 15 and 30 J under variable temperatures in the range of -30Β°C to 23Β°C. The configuration of specimens is quasi-isotropic. The low temperature and its influence on the maximum absorbed energy, elastic energy, crack length and delamination are highlighted. Also, the effects of geometry index (span-to-depth) and notch orientation are studied. Failure mechanisms of specimens are examined using microscopic examinations. Results indicate that impact performance of these composites is affected over the range of temperature considered. Failure mechanism is changed from matrix cracking at room temperature to delamination and fiber breakage at low temperatures

    Identifying sustainable warehouse management system indicators and proposing new weighting method

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    The performance of a sustainable warehouse management system is a multidimensional concept based on the triple bottom line approach. It has been a challenge to identify the key performance indicators for a sustainable warehouse management system and to develop a model for evaluating the direct and indirect indicators. In order to overcome this challenge, this paper describes a method to identify and weight indicators that assess sustainability in a sustainable warehouse management system using structural equation modeling. A comprehensive literature review has been conducted and a questionnaire survey involving experts in the field has been undertaken. A list of 33 key performance indicators for a sustainable warehouse management system has been proposed, and this can be used by policymakers to appraise the sustainability performance of a sustainable warehouse management system. The proposed robust model can weight indicators and evaluate the total effect of each indicator in incorporating sustainability in a sustainable warehouse management system. The developed method could also be applied to weighting indicators for other industries

    Status of estrogene, progesterone receptors and HER-2/neu expression in invasive breast cancer

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    Background&Objective: The breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. The normal and malignant breast tissue are under the regulatory effects of esteroid hormones and growth factors including HER-2/neu. The purpose of this study, is to determine the expression of estrogene receptor (ER) progesterone receptor(PR) and HER-2/neu among Iranian women with invasive breast cancer. Materials&Methods: The study is descriptive and cross-sectional that was performed on 50 samples of patients with invasive breast cancer in Imam-Khomeini Hospital-Sari (2005-06). After preparing the samples four tissue sections from each sample was obtained then H&E and IHC staining were performed. Results: In our study, the patients were between 28-88 yrs, (mean:52/6). ER and PR and HER-2/neu were positive in 80%, 72% and 57.1% of cases, respectively. Concurrent positive ER and PR was 70%, meanwhile 62.9% of these patient were also positive for HER-2/neu. 20% of the cases showed negativity for both ER and PR and of these 83.4% were also negative for HER-2/neu. Conclusion: In our study ER expression by itself is equal to previous studies in textbooks but PR expression, HER-2/neu and concurrent expression of ER&PR are higher in our study. Interestingly HER-2/neu expression is near to what was previously proposed by Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization and Kerman University of Medical science. It seems that racial and geographic factors are contributed for these diffrences
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