Methods of Typing Allochthonous Bulgarian Ethnographic Systems of the Ukrainian Danube Region

The article substantiates the author's approach to the typification of alochthonous Bulgarian ethno-geographical formation of the Ukrainian Danube. The place of the ethnonational factor in the formations of regional policy is determined. The characteristics that determine the ethnic identity of the population of EGS of various taxonomic levels are determined. &nbsp

Bulgarian Ethnogeographic Systems of the Ukrainian Danube and Bulgaria: a Comparative Analysis

In the article features of autochthonous (Republic of Bulgaria) and allochthonous (Ukrainian Danube) ethnogeographic formation of the Bulgarian population are considered. Factors influencing the preservation of the ethnic identity of the Bulgarians living in both types of ethnogeographic systems are revealed. The key aspects of the effective development of autochthonous and allochthonous ethnogeographic systems of the Bulgarian population.&nbsp

Reduction of the Signal Nonlinear Distortion in CATV Systems applying Dual Mach-Zehnder Modulators

Summary: The paper deals with some investigations aimed at applying compensation techniques to reduce nonlinear signal distortion in the Mach-Zehnder modulator of HFC CATV systems. The frequency distribution of second-and third-order intermodulation products of N-channel transmission systems is shown. Models of dual-parallel and dual-cascade Mach-Zehnder modulators are suggested based on both the mathematical model of a conventional Mach-Zehnder modulator and the features of the CATV system itself, thus making it possible for the modulator parameters to be determined in a way to ensure CSO products cancellation and CTB products minimization. The dependence of the C/CTB parameter on the modulation index is studied for N-channel HFC CATV systems applying a dual-parallel or dual-cascade Mach-Zehnder modulator. Optical channels implementing dual-parallel or dual-cascade Mach-Zehnder modulator instead of a conventional one are compared and the possibilities to improve the RF signals' dynamic range are analyzed. Relations to determine the increase of the optical loss introduced by dual Mach-Zehnder modulators are suggested that help compare it with that caused by a conventional Mach-Zehnder modulator

Relative Reactivities of Alkyl Chlorides under Friedel-Crafts Conditions

Competition experiments have been performed to determine the relative reactivities of 23 alkyl chlorides toward allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of catalytic amounts of ZnCl2.The krel scale spans over 11 orders of magnitude from 1-adamantyl chloride (least reactive) to bis(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl chloride (most reactive compound). A fair correlation between the alkylating ability and the SN1 reactivity in solvolysis reactions is found, thus providing a quantitative basis for our long-standing working hypothesis that Lewis acid-catalyzed additions of alkyl halides to CC multiple bonds only yield 1:1 products if the reactants ionize faster than the products. Trityl chlorides do not follow this correlation and are 105 times less reactive than predicted from their SN1 reactivities

The high-performance data acquisition system for the GAMMA-400 satellite-borne gamma-ray telescope

The future GAMMA-400 space mission is aimed for the study of gamma rays in the energy range from ~20 MeV up to ~1 TeV. The observations will carry out with GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope installed on-board the Russian Space Observatory. We present the detailed description of the architecture and performances of scientific data acquisition system (SDAQ) developing by SRISA for the GAMMA-400 instrument. SDAQ provides the collection of the data from telescope detector subsystems (up to 100 GB per day), the preliminary processing of scientific information and its accumulation in mass memory, transferring the information from mass memory to the satellite high-speed radio line for its transmission to the ground station, the control and monitoring of the telescope subsystems. SDAQ includes special space qualified chipset designed by SRISA and has scalable modular net structure based on fast and high-reliable serial interfaces.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, ICRC201

The comparative estimation of early postoperative complications after versions of surgery treatment perforative ulcers of stomach and duodenum

Results of surgical treatment of 280 patients with perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers are submitted. The simple suture of perforative ulcer has been performed at 48 (17,14%), excision of ulcer with suture - 84 (30%), after excision of perforated ulcer with suture a defect and cover of suture line by the serosa-muscular patch of stomach -142 (50,71%), excision of perforated ulcer with substitution of defect by the layerful patch of stomach - 6 (2,14%) patients. The rate of postoperative complications after simple suture of perforative ulcer was 41,67%, after excision of ulcer - 22,62%, after excision of perforated ulcer with suture a defect and cover of suture line by the serosa-muscular patch of stomach -10,56% , Only 1 patient after excision of perforated ulcer with substitution of defect by the layerful patch of stomach was execute relaparotomy on the occasion of slackflowing peritonitis, with following recovery. The rate of common mortality was 4,28%, after simple suture of perforative ulcer - 20,83%, after excision of ulcer with suture - 2,38%. The depositions and possibility of wider use excision of perforated ulcer with suture, and excision of perforated ulcer with suture a defect and cover of suture line by the serosa-muscular patch of stomach, for emergency surgery are discussed.Представлен опыт хирургического лечения 280 больных с перфоративными язвами желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки в период 1998-2009 гг. Простое ушивание язвы выполнено 48 (17,14%), иссечение язвы с ушиванием - 84 (30%), иссечение язвы с ушиванием дефекта и укрытием линии швов серозно-мышечным лоскутом желудка -1 4 2 (50,71%), иссечение язвы с замещением дефекта полнослойным лоскутом желудка - 6 (2,14%) больным. Послеоперационные осложнения возникли после простого ушивания в 41,67%, после иссечения язвы с ушиванием - в 22,62%, после иссечения язвы с ушиванием дефекта и укрытием линии швов серозно-мышечным лоскутом желудка - в 10,56%. После иссечения язвы с замещением дефекта полнослойным лоскутом желудка только у 1 больного была выполнена релапаротомия по поводу вялотекрего перитонита, с последующим выздоровлением. Общая летальность составила 4,28%, при этом после простого ушивания - 20,83%, после иссечения язвы с ушиванием - 2,38%. Обсуждаются показания и возможность более широкого применения иссечения язвы с ушиванием, иссечения язвы с ушиванием дефекта и укрытием линии швов серозно-мышечным лоскутом желудка в экстренной хирургии

Dark Matter Search Perspectives with GAMMA-400

GAMMA-400 is a future high-energy gamma-ray telescope, designed to measure the fluxes of gamma-rays and cosmic-ray electrons + positrons, which can be produced by annihilation or decay of dark matter particles, and to survey the celestial sphere in order to study point and extended sources of gamma-rays, measure energy spectra of Galactic and extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray emission, gamma-ray bursts, and gamma-ray emission from the Sun. GAMMA-400 covers the energy range from 100 MeV to ~3000 GeV. Its angular resolution is ~0.01 deg(Eg > 100 GeV), and the energy resolution ~1% (Eg > 10 GeV). GAMMA-400 is planned to be launched on the Russian space platform Navigator in 2019. The GAMMA-400 perspectives in the search for dark matter in various scenarios are presented in this paperComment: 4 pages, 4 figures, submitted to the Proceedings of the International Cosmic-Ray Conference 2013, Brazil, Rio de Janeir

A separation of electrons and protons in the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope

The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope is intended to measure the fluxes of gamma rays and cosmic-ray electrons and positrons in the energy range from 100 MeV to several TeV. Such measurements concern with the following scientific goals: search for signatures of dark matter, investigation of gamma-ray point and extended sources, studies of the energy spectra of Galactic and extragalactic diffuse emission, studies of gamma-ray bursts and gamma-ray emission from the active Sun, as well as high-precision measurements of spectra of high-energy electrons and positrons, protons, and nuclei up to the knee. The main components of cosmic rays are protons and helium nuclei, whereas the part of lepton component in the total flux is ~10E-3 for high energies. In present paper, the capability of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope to distinguish electrons and positrons from protons in cosmic rays is investigated. The individual contribution to the proton rejection is studied for each detector system of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope. Using combined information from all detector systems allow us to provide the proton rejection from electrons with a factor of ~4x10E5 for vertical incident particles and ~3x10E5 for particles with initial inclination of 30 degrees. The calculations were performed for the electron energy range from 50 GeV to 1 TeV.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures, submitted to Advances and Space Researc

The GAMMA-400 space observatory: status and perspectives

The present design of the new space observatory GAMMA-400 is presented in this paper. The instrument has been designed for the optimal detection of gamma rays in a broad energy range (from ~100 MeV up to 3 TeV), with excellent angular and energy resolution. The observatory will also allow precise and high statistic studies of the electron component in the cosmic rays up to the multi TeV region, as well as protons and nuclei spectra up to the knee region. The GAMMA-400 observatory will allow to address a broad range of science topics, like search for signatures of dark matter, studies of Galactic and extragalactic gamma-ray sources, Galactic and extragalactic diffuse emission, gamma-ray bursts and charged cosmic rays acceleration and diffusion mechanism up to the knee