New Models of Hybrid Leadership in Global Higher Education

This manuscript highlights the development of a leadership preparation program known as the Nanyang Technological University Leadership Academy (NTULA), exploring the leadership challenges unique to a university undergoing rapid growth in a highly multicultural context, and the hybrid model of leadership it developed in response to globalization. It asks the research question of how the university adapted to a period of accelerated growth and transition by adopting a hybrid approach to academic leadership. The paper uses qualitative methodology to review NTULA’s first cohort, including interviews and participant survey responses. The findings illuminate three key areas of the hybridized leadership model that are challenging to balance, including managing the transition from the leadership style required to drive rapid institutional change to the approach needed to preserve that growth, how leaders reconcile the need to be responsive to both administration and faculty, and how to lead in a highly diverse, multicultural space

Validation of variants.

<p>The table provides a summary of the validation results, both for the INDELs common to the two sequencing datasets used, and the private ones. All INDELs sent for validation were classified as “novel” according to dbSNP 131 and the 1000 Genome Consortium release October 2010. During the validation phase new data have been released by 1000 Genome (November 11th 2011): INDELs have been here categorised according to this latest release, to be considered as an independent confirmation.</p

INDELs frequency and validation.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051292#pone-0051292-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3A</a> plots the non-reference allele frequency of INDELs called in our samples, divided in three categories: those already described in ENSEMBL, those described only in the released of 1000 Genome and those completely novel to our dataset, most of which are rare. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051292#pone-0051292-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3B</a> shows the counts of validated INDELs according to the following frequency categories: common (non reference allele frequency equal or higher than 0.05), rare (frequency lower than 0.05) and private. The validation rate is significantly different in the three groups (Chi-squared = 44.4844, p-value = 2.189*10⁻¹⁰).</p

INDELs consequences comparison.

<p>This boxplot details the differences in the comparison of the distributions of consequence proportions per sample between our disease exomes data and 1000 Genome exomes. Significant differences, calculated with a non parametric Wilcoxon test of independent samples, have been highlighted with a star.</p

Rationale.

<p>We processed 162 exomes from different diseases (comprising 22 familial cases with mendelian inheritance and 140 sporadic/complex disease cases), and 11 samples from a different set of familial rare disorders with Mendelian inheritance, to be used for validation, with our pipeline characterised by Novoalign, Dindel and our own annotation script based on the ENSEMBL API. With the same pipeline we processed 21 samples from the Exome dataset of the 1000 Genome Consortium, to be used for comparison. 1000 Genome Consortium INDEL release October 2010 was also annotated with the same script, and annotation data have been compared. INDELs called in the two UCL datasets have been compared to identify common and private ones, and select a representative set to be validated with Sanger sequencing.</p

INDELs characteristics.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051292#pone-0051292-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2A</a> shows a comparison of the length of INDEL variants called in our patients, and those available in the same capture regions in the ENSEMBL database and in the 1000 Genome Consortium release. The plot shows a higher presence of 1 bp insertion/deletions in ENSEMBL, and an increased size detection capability in 1000 Genome data, obtained from whole genome sequencing. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051292#pone-0051292-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2B</a> shows a correlation of the INDELs already described in ENSEMBL between the size of the variant sequenced in our samples and the length reported in the database (r² = 0.9221 for insertions and 0.4213 for deletions, both with p value<2* 10⁻¹⁶). <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051292#pone-0051292-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2C</a> shows the distribution of the distance (i.e. difference between start positions) between the INDELs as they were called by Dindel on our data, or as released by 1000 Genome Consortium, and the corresponding ones present in ENSEMBL.</p