海外公民利益维护的“中国方案”初探

With the rise of China and its opening-up, more and more Chinese citizens are going abroad. The Chinese government has increasingly attached importance to the protection of overseas Chinese citizens' interests. Taking the "security reminder" issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as an analysis variable, the analysis of this article shows the current situation of overseas Chinese citizens' rights protection from 2014 to 2018. Through the accumulation of historical experience, combined with the current situation and learning from the successful experiences of other countries, China has gradually formed the "Chinese solution" to the protection of its overseas citizens' interests (CSOCIP) which embodies Chinese characteristics and demonstrates Chinese wisdom. CSOCIP can be summarized as the culture of negotiation under the principle of non-interference, overall diplomacy under the institutional advantages, and the participation of domestic multi-subjects and overseas Chinese citizens. The authors attempt to explain theoretically the connotations of CSOCIP, and analyze the challenges and problems encountered by CSOCIP, including international identity and the overseas protection capacity of China as well as the perception and adaptation of the international community. Keywords: Overseas citizen; Interests protection; Chinese solution随着中国的崛起和对外开放，越来越多的中国公民走出国境，其权益维护日益受到中国政府的重视。本文以外交部近五年(2014-2018)发布的“安全提醒”为依据，分析了海外中国公民权益保护的现状。作者认为，通过历史经验的积累，结合保护海外中国公民的现实情况，借鉴其他国家的成功经验，中国逐渐形成了体现中国特色、彰显中国智慧的海外公民权益保护的“中国方案”。本文将海外公民权益保护“中国方案”的内涵归纳为不干涉原则下的协商文化、体制优势下的总体外交及多元主体下的华侨华人参与三个方面。作者认为，海外公民利益维护“中国方案”展现了中国在海外公民权益维护方面的经验，但我们要看到其背后面临的困境及挑战，既包括中国海外利益快速拓展与充分保护的困境、崛起大国的“实习期”和身份转换问题以及国际社会的适应问题。 【关键词】：海外公民  利益维护  中国方案 【作者简介】：陈奕平，暨南大学国际关系学院/华侨华人研究院教授；许彤辉，暨南大学国际关系学

Cell-Type-Specific Afferent Innervation of the Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is clearly implicated in reward processing and drug addiction, as well as in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders; nevertheless, the circuit mechanisms underlying the diverse functions of the NAc remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the whole-brain and monosynaptic inputs to two main projection cell types – D1 dopamine receptor expressing medium spiny neurons (D1R-MSNs) and D2 dopamine receptor expressing medium spiny neurons (D2R-MSNs) – within the NAc core and NAc shell by rabies-mediated trans-synaptic tracing. We discovered that D1R-MSNs and D2R-MSNs in both NAc subregions receive similar inputs from diverse sources. Inputs to the NAc core are broadly scattered, whereas inputs to the NAc shell are relatively concentrated. Furthermore, we identified numerous brain areas providing important contrasting inputs to different NAc subregions. The anterior cortex preferentially innervates the NAc core for both D1R-MSNs and D2R-MSNs, whereas the lateral hypothalamic area (LH) preferentially targets D1R-MSNs in the NAc shell. Characterizing the cell-type-specific connectivity of different NAc subregions lays a foundation for studying how diverse functions of the NAc are mediated by specific pathways

Virtues of Academic Exploration:

As many as 75% of college students change their major at least once during their undergraduate career (Gordon & Steele, 2015). This study examined the impact of academic major changes on bachelor’s degree attainment within six years. Using data from the 2012/17 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (n = 13,800), we found a significant increase in odds of degree attainment for students who changed their major one or more times. Accompanying our analyses and results, we offer implications for early advising and transition programming including the role of meta-majors, and consideration for student backgrounds as they seek advising and choose majors

On improved randomized response strategies in survey sampling

Randomized response technique (RR) is a significant statistical method to study sensitive issue in survey sampling. In this thesis, we introduced new randomized response methods to collect data on sensitive issues. The bias and variance expressions for the new estimators of the parameters of interested were derived. The properties of the proposed estimator were studied through simulation study by using SAS codes

Chronic Social Defeat Stress Modulates Dendritic Spines Structural Plasticity in Adult Mouse Frontal Association Cortex

Chronic stress is associated with occurrence of many mental disorders. Previous studies have shown that dendrites and spines of pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex undergo drastic reorganization following chronic stress experience. So the prefrontal cortex is believed to play a key role in response of neural system to chronic stress. However, how stress induces dynamic structural changes in neural circuit of prefrontal cortex remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of chronic social defeat stress on dendritic spine structural plasticity in the mouse frontal association (FrA) cortex in vivo using two-photon microscopy. We found that chronic stress altered spine dynamics in FrA and increased the connectivity in FrA neural circuits. We also found that the changes in spine dynamics in FrA are correlated with the deficit of sucrose preference in defeated mice. Our findings suggest that chronic stress experience leads to adaptive change in neural circuits that may be important for encoding stress experience related memory and anhedonia

Estimation of Earth Rotation Parameters and Prediction of Polar Motion Using Hybrid CNN–LSTM Model

The Earth rotation parameters (ERPs), including polar motion (PMX and PMY) and universal time (UT1-UTC), play a central role in functions such as monitoring the Earth’s rotation and high-precision navigation and positioning. Variations in ERPs reflect not only the overall state of movement of the Earth, but also the interactions among the atmosphere, ocean, and land on the spatial and temporal scales. In this paper, we estimated ERP series based on very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations between 2011–2020. The results show that the average root mean square errors (RMSEs) are 0.187 mas for PMX, 0.205 mas for PMY, and 0.022 ms for UT1-UTC. Furthermore, to explore the high-frequency variations in more detail, we analyzed the polar motion time series spectrum based on fast Fourier transform (FFT), and our findings show that the Chandler motion was approximately 426 days and that the annual motion was about 360 days. In addition, the results also validate the presence of a weaker retrograde oscillation with an amplitude of about 3.5 mas. This paper proposes a hybrid prediction model that combines convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network: the CNN–LSTM model. The advantages can be attributed to the CNN’s ability to extract and optimize features related to polar motion series, and the LSTM’s ability to make medium- to long-term predictions based on historical time series. Compared with Bulletin A, the prediction accuracies of PMX and PMY are improved by 42% and 13%, respectively. Notably, the hybrid CNN–LSTM model can effectively improve the accuracy of medium- and long-term polar motion prediction

A Central Amygdala-Substantia Innominata Neural Circuitry Encodes Aversive Reinforcement Signals

Summary: Aversive stimuli can impact motivation and support associative learning as reinforcers. However, the neural circuitry underlying the processing of aversive reinforcers has not been elucidated. Here, we report that a subpopulation of central amygdala (CeA) GABAergic neurons expressing protein kinase C-delta (PKC-δ+) displays robust responses to aversive stimuli during negative reinforcement learning. Importantly, projections from PKC-δ+ neurons of the CeA to the substantia innominata (SI) could bi-directionally modulate negative reinforcement learning. Moreover, consistent with the idea that SI-projecting PKC-δ+ neurons of the CeA encode aversive information, optogenetic activation of this pathway produces conditioned place aversion, a behavior prevented by simultaneous ablating of SI glutamatergic neurons. Taken together, our data define a cell-type-specific neural circuitry modulating associative learning by encoding aversive reinforcement signals. : Cui et al. show that central amygdala PKC-δ+ neurons can modulate negative reinforcement learning by transmitting aversive signals to the substantia innominata. Keywords: central amygdala, negative reinforcement learning, substantia innominate, aversive signal

Highly stable monolithic titanium silicalite-1 catalyst for 1-butene epoxidation

A monolithic titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) catalyst was prepared by coating TS-1 onto a specially designed stainless-steel support. The catalyst was used in 1-butene epoxidation, a strong exothermic reaction, to produce butene oxide in a fixed-bed reactor. Compared with the traditional extruded TS-1, the monolithic catalyst demonstrates excellent catalytic stability and reusability. To understand the reason for this performance, heat conduction behaviors of the monolithic and extruded catalysts were studied and compared. This was accomplished by firstly developing a kinetic model to determine reaction kinetic parameters, and then simulating the temperature distribution within the reactor. It revealed a much lower temperature-rise over the monolithic catalyst than over the extruded catalyst. This study demonstrates that the stainless-steel support of the monolithic catalyst is effective in dissipating high reaction heat of 1-butene epoxidation, thus limits local temperature-rise within the reactor. This inhibits the formation of channel-blocking byproducts and improves the catalytic stability