2,926 research outputs found
Hard X-ray emission cutoff in anomalous X-ray pulsar 4U 0142+61 detected by INTEGRAL
The anomalous X-ray pulsar 4U 0142+61 was studied by the INTEGRAL
observations. The hard X-ray spectrum of 18 -- 500 keV for 4U 0142+61 was
derived using near 9 years of INTEGRAL/IBIS data. We obtained the average hard
X-ray spectrum of 4U 0142+61 with all available data. The spectrum of 4U
0142+61 can be fitted with a power-law with an exponential high energy cutoff.
This average spectrum is well fitted with a power-law of plus a cutoff energy at keV. The hard X-ray flux of the
source from 20 -- 150 keV showed no significant variations (within 20) from
2003 -- 2011. The spectral profiles have some variability in nine years: photon
index varied from 0.3 -- 1.5, and cutoff energies of 110 -- 250 keV. The
detection of the high energy cutoff around 130 keV shows some constraints on
the radiation mechanisms of magnetars and possibly probes the differences
between magnetar and accretion models for these special class of neutron stars.
Future HXMT observations could provide stronger constraints on the hard X-ray
spectral properties of this source and other magnetar candidates.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, figures are updated, new data are
added, conclusion does not change, to be published in RA
Systemic similarity analysis of compatibility drug-induced multiple pathway patterns _in vivo_
A major challenge in post-genomic research is to understand how physiological and pathological phenotypes arise from the networks of expressed genes and to develop powerful tools for translating the information exchanged between gene and the organ system networks. Although different expression modules may contribute independently to different phenotypes, it is difficult to interpret microarray experimental results at the level of single gene associations. The global effects and response pathways of small molecules in cells have been investigated, but the quantitative details of the activation mechanisms of multiple pathways _in vivo_ are not well understood. Similar response networks indicate similar modes of action, and gene networks may appear to be similar despite differences in the behaviour of individual gene groups. Here we establish the method for assessing global effect spectra of the complex signaling forms using Global Similarity Index (GSI) in cosines vector included angle. Our approach provides quantitative multidimensional measures of genes expression profile based on drug-dependent phenotypic alteration _in vivo_. These results make a starting point for identifying relationships between GSI at the molecular level and a step toward phenotypic outcomes at a system level to predict action of unknown compounds and any combination therapy
On echo intervals in gravitational wave echo analysis
Gravitational wave echoes, if they exist, could encode important information
of new physics from the strong gravity regime. Current echo searches usually
assume constant interval echoes (CIEs) a priori, although unequal interval
echoes (UIEs) are also possible. Despite of its simplicity, the using of CIE
templates need to be properly justified, especially given the high sensitivity
of future gravitational wave detectors. In this paper, we assess the necessity
of UIE templates in echo searches. By reconstructing injected UIE signals with
both CIE and UIE templates, we show that the CIE template may significantly
misinterpret the echo signals if the variation of the interval is greater than
the statistical errors of the interval, which is further confirmed by a
Bayesian analysis on model stelection. We also forecast the constraints on the
echo intervals given by future GW detectors such as Advanced LIGO and Einstein
Telescope.Comment: 7 pages,6 figures and 3 table
A statistical normalization method and differential expression analysis for RNA-seq data between different species
Background: High-throughput techniques bring novel tools but also statistical
challenges to genomic research. Identifying genes with differential expression
between different species is an effective way to discover evolutionarily
conserved transcriptional responses. To remove systematic variation between
different species for a fair comparison, the normalization procedure serves as
a crucial pre-processing step that adjusts for the varying sample sequencing
depths and other confounding technical effects.
Results: In this paper, we propose a scale based normalization (SCBN) method
by taking into account the available knowledge of conserved orthologous genes
and hypothesis testing framework. Considering the different gene lengths and
unmapped genes between different species, we formulate the problem from the
perspective of hypothesis testing and search for the optimal scaling factor
that minimizes the deviation between the empirical and nominal type I errors.
Conclusions: Simulation studies show that the proposed method performs
significantly better than the existing competitor in a wide range of settings.
An RNA-seq dataset of different species is also analyzed and it coincides with
the conclusion that the proposed method outperforms the existing method. For
practical applications, we have also developed an R package named "SCBN" and
the software is available at
http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/SCBN.html
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