RADIO DETECTION OF THIOFORMALDEHYDE H2CSH_{2}CS IN AN EXTERNAL GALAXY NGC 253

Author Institution: National Institute for Fusion Science; Dept. of Chemistry, Okayama University; The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Nobeyama Radio ObservatoryAlthough many observations of various molecular species have been carried out for interstellar clouds in our Galaxy, observations toward external galaxies are limited because of weak line intensities. Recently, it is noticed from radio observations that molecular composition of external galaxy M 82 is different from those of other galaxies, for example NGC 253. From recent studies, we consider that molucules produced from dust grain have barely been detected in M 82. In order to confirm this hypothesis, we observed the $H_{2}CS$ molecule, which have been expected to be originated mainly from the dust grain. The observation was carried out with IRAM 30-m radio telescope in the wavelength regions of 3, 2, 1.3 mm, in July and August of 1999. We observed the objects NGC 253 and M 82, which are nearby starburst galaxies with 10 million light year distance. Five pure rotational transitions of $H_{2}CS$ were detected only toward NGC 253, which is the first detection of $H_{2}CS$ in external galaxies. On the other hand, the molecule was not detected in M 82. Detected transitions in NGC 253 are as follows, para state $3_{03} - 2_{02} (4.0 mK)$ ortho state $3_{12} - 2_{11} (3.3 mK) 3_{13} - 2_{12} (4.9 mK) 4_{14} - 3_{13} (7 mK) 6_{15} - 5_{14} (19 mK)$ where the values in parentheses are main beam temperatures, and the spectral line width is about $150 km s^{-1}$. We could not detect other $K = 1$, K-type doubling transitions $4_{13} - 3_{12}$ and $6_{16} - 5_{15}$. This means that local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) approximation is not valid, so a large velocity gradient calculation was carried out. We report the result of the calculation and discuss the chemical difference between NGC 253 and M 82

Nursing Students\u27 Perspective on Education : From An Analysis of Reports Written by Nursing Students

The purpose of this research is to clarify how nursing students view education, and to inquire into an effective method for teaching patient education to the students. Therefore, this present study extracted educational philosophies from descriptions in the reports written by fifty-two nursing students. These philosophies were classified into Category 1【Education for giving knowledge】, Category 2【Education organized by an educator and a learner】, Category 3【Education for learning or a learner】, and Category 4【Education for the benefit of a learner and an educator】. We discussed these philosophies from the viewpoint of educational practice in nursing and came to the following conclusions. 1 ) Most educational philosophies by nursing students were formed based on the group education or mass-education that they had received in schooldays. Category 1【Education for giving knowledge】was especially dominant in the philosophies of nursing students. 2 ) Category 3【Education for learning or a learner】, which aimed at patient education, was formed as one of the educational philosophies but was rarely seen in nursing education. 3 ) In nursing students\u27 educational activity, there was a strong tendency for education for knowledge as seen in Category 1【Education for giving knowledge】rather than Category 3【Education for learning or a learner】 4 ) Category 3【Education for learning or a learner】was extracted from reports written by students who had some experience in teaching outside of school. These experiences are useful in the process of learning patient education in nursing. Confirmation of the learners\u27 knowledge and careful attention to the learners\u27 reaction lead to the formation and strengthening of this educational perspective.本研究の目的は、看護学生が教育について記載したレポートから、看護学生がどのような 教育観を抱いているかを明らかにし、これらの教育観を看護の教育活動との関わりで考察す ることである。 本研究への協力を得た52 名の看護学生が教育について記載したレポートを質的帰納的に分 析し、看護学生の教育観をなすカテゴリーとして、【知識や情報の伝達を中心とした教育観】、【教える人と学ぶ人によって成立する教育観】、【学習(学習者)を主体とした教育観】、【教える 人と学ぶ人の相互に学習がある教育観】が抽出された。これらの教育観を看護の教育活動と の関わりから、以下のように考察した。 1 ）看護学生の教育観は、これまでの学校教育で受けてきた集団教育に基づく体験によって形 成されてきた傾向にあり、中でも【知識や情報の伝達を中心とした教育観】に支配されていた。 2 ）しかし、患者の自立を目指す看護の教育活動において重要な【学習(学習者)を主体とした 教育観】も、レポートの記載内容に占める割合は少ないが、教育観の一つとして形成されて いた。 3 ）看護学生の教育活動においては、知識の伝達を教育としてとらえる傾向が顕著であり、【学 習(学習者)を主体とした教育観】よりも【知識や情報の伝達を中心とした教育観】が優先し ていると思われた。 4 ）【学習(学習者)を主体とした教育観】の形成は、教育者による教育方法の工夫や学外の体験 によって促されていた。看護の教育活動を学ぶ過程において、学習者の立場を体験したり、 学習者の反応を確認したりする機会を取り入れていくことが、この教育観の形成と強化に繋 がるものと思われた

A Consideration on Nursing Students\u27 Experiential Learning of Inserting Nasal Feeding Tubes : Through Analysis by Kolb\u27s Experiential Learning Model(1)

Eighty nursing students have tried to experience the insertion of nasal feeding tubes by themselves. To elucidate educational effects and construct more favorable learning process, we investigated their reports described after performance by adapting those to Kolb\u27s theory of experiential learning. Before exercise, nursing students were feeling anxiety or fear originating from no experience of tubing. A guidance teacher should more actively assist students before practice by preparing more detailed explanation about patients\u27 circumstances and technique itself of inserting nasal feeding tubes. We have adapted their exercises to Kolb\u27s theory and obtained the following conclusion. We must lead nursing students to realize the contents of past activities in the second stage of reflective observation and to arrange obtained various knowledges including the procedure for more practicable goal in the third stage of abstract conceptualization

Present Status and Problems in Prevention of Infection in Home Nursing Care : Preliminary Report from the Investigation of Home-Visit Nursing Care Station in Fukuoka Prefecture

We investigated the protection of infection in the home nursing care practiced by the home-visit nursing care station. Firstly, our study clarified the fact that there was lack of information and knowledge about the protection of infection in the home nursing care. Secondly, the capacity as a leader and an educator was also insufficient in the home nursing care. Lastly, the enough preventive method was not provided against infectious diseases in the home-visit nursing care station. From these facts, we suggest solving the following prob1ems. First, the system where the information from the medical institutions is rapidly transmitted to the home-visit nursing care station should be constructed. Secondly, all people including the patients and medical staffs should have the common understanding about the infectious diseases and their protection. Lastly, the home care nurses should play the important role as the first reporters in the early diagnosis of the diseases of their patients

在宅看護における感染予防対策の現状と課題 : 福岡県内の訪問看護ステーションを対象とした調査を行って

We investigated the protection of infection in the home nursing care practiced by the home-visit nursing care station. Firstly, our study clarified the fact that there was lack of information and knowledge about the protection of infection in the home nursing care. Secondly, the capacity as a leader and an educator was also insufficient in the home nursing care. Lastly, the enough preventive method was not provided against infectious diseases in the home-visit nursing care station. From these facts, we suggest solving the following prob1ems. First, the system where the information from the medical institutions is rapidly transmitted to the home-visit nursing care station should be constructed. Secondly, all people including the patients and medical staffs should have the common understanding about the infectious diseases and their protection. Lastly, the home care nurses should play the important role as the first reporters in the early diagnosis of the diseases of their patients

Nursing Students' Perspective on Education : From An Analysis of Reports Written by Nursing Students

The purpose of this research is to clarify how nursing students view education, and to inquire into an effective method for teaching patient education to the students. Therefore, this present study extracted educational philosophies from descriptions in the reports written by fifty-two nursing students. These philosophies were classified into Category 1【Education for giving knowledge】, Category 2【Education organized by an educator and a learner】, Category 3【Education for learning or a learner】, and Category 4【Education for the benefit of a learner and an educator】. We discussed these philosophies from the viewpoint of educational practice in nursing and came to the following conclusions. 1 ) Most educational philosophies by nursing students were formed based on the group education or mass-education that they had received in schooldays. Category 1【Education for giving knowledge】was especially dominant in the philosophies of nursing students. 2 ) Category 3【Education for learning or a learner】, which aimed at patient education, was formed as one of the educational philosophies but was rarely seen in nursing education. 3 ) In nursing students' educational activity, there was a strong tendency for education for knowledge as seen in Category 1【Education for giving knowledge】rather than Category 3【Education for learning or a learner】 4 ) Category 3【Education for learning or a learner】was extracted from reports written by students who had some experience in teaching outside of school. These experiences are useful in the process of learning patient education in nursing. Confirmation of the learners' knowledge and careful attention to the learners' reaction lead to the formation and strengthening of this educational perspective.本研究の目的は、看護学生が教育について記載したレポートから、看護学生がどのような 教育観を抱いているかを明らかにし、これらの教育観を看護の教育活動との関わりで考察す ることである。 本研究への協力を得た52 名の看護学生が教育について記載したレポートを質的帰納的に分 析し、看護学生の教育観をなすカテゴリーとして、【知識や情報の伝達を中心とした教育観】、【教える人と学ぶ人によって成立する教育観】、【学習(学習者)を主体とした教育観】、【教える 人と学ぶ人の相互に学習がある教育観】が抽出された。これらの教育観を看護の教育活動と の関わりから、以下のように考察した。 1 ）看護学生の教育観は、これまでの学校教育で受けてきた集団教育に基づく体験によって形 成されてきた傾向にあり、中でも【知識や情報の伝達を中心とした教育観】に支配されていた。 2 ）しかし、患者の自立を目指す看護の教育活動において重要な【学習(学習者)を主体とした 教育観】も、レポートの記載内容に占める割合は少ないが、教育観の一つとして形成されて いた。 3 ）看護学生の教育活動においては、知識の伝達を教育としてとらえる傾向が顕著であり、【学 習(学習者)を主体とした教育観】よりも【知識や情報の伝達を中心とした教育観】が優先し ていると思われた。 4 ）【学習(学習者)を主体とした教育観】の形成は、教育者による教育方法の工夫や学外の体験 によって促されていた。看護の教育活動を学ぶ過程において、学習者の立場を体験したり、 学習者の反応を確認したりする機会を取り入れていくことが、この教育観の形成と強化に繋 がるものと思われた

Millimeter-wave spectroscopy of chromium monochloride (CrCl)

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A trial to Acquire Teaching Skills for Use in Basic Nursing Education : Through Practical Training Utilizing Simulated Patients

The purpose of this study was to identify important themes of educational methods in order to acquire relevant teaching skills for the use in basic nursing education through practical training utilizing 2 simulated patients who played part of diabetic patients. We investigated the reports written by sixty-six nursing students who attended the above practical training. Based on the results obtained, we considered that 1) nursing students tended to absorb the information regarding the treatment of diabetic patients and to sympathize with the patients regarding their emotional condition, and 2) nursing teachers need to plan a more useful educational program which will help students understand patients\u27 lives and help students learn the theory behind motivating diabetic patients to maintain an appropriate lifestyle

看護学基礎教育における教育技術習得への取り組み : 模擬患者を用いた糖尿病患者教育の演習から

The purpose of this study was to identify important themes of educational methods in order to acquire relevant teaching skills for the use in basic nursing education through practical training utilizing 2 simulated patients who played part of diabetic patients. We investigated the reports written by sixty-six nursing students who attended the above practical training. Based on the results obtained, we considered that 1) nursing students tended to absorb the information regarding the treatment of diabetic patients and to sympathize with the patients regarding their emotional condition, and 2) nursing teachers need to plan a more useful educational program which will help students understand patients' lives and help students learn the theory behind motivating diabetic patients to maintain an appropriate lifestyle