18 research outputs found

    Electrical characteristics of single-component ambipolar organic field-effect transistors and effects of air exposure on them

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    We investigated the electrical characteristics of single-component ambipolar organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) by controlling the device structure and preparation and the measurement conditions. Six organic semiconductor materials (copper-phthalocyanine, tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3), alpha-sexithiophene, 4-4[prime]-bis-styrylphenyl, 2, 7-diphenyl[1]benzothieno[3, 2-b]benzothiophene, or a photopolymerized polydiacethylene derivative (PDA) were used as the active layer, and all were found to transport both holes and electrons. The PDA-based FETs had the highest hole and electron mobilities (0.12 and 0.025 cm2/V s, respectively). We also investigated the effect of air exposure on the OFETs. The hole mobility was barely affected by the exposure while the electron mobility was significantly affected. The threshold voltage for p-channel operation was shifted by the exposure while that for n-channel operation was not, indicating that the hole density in the active layer is increased by air exposure whereas the electron density is independent of air exposure. Furthermore, we prepared an Alq3-based p-channel OFET and investigated the effect of air exposure on it. While its operation was stable in vacuum, air exposure degraded its characteristics. These behaviors indicate that irreversible chemical reactions occur between cationic Alq3 species and oxygen or water molecules

    発光性有機トランゞスタに関する研究

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    有機半導䜓を甚いた発光ダむオヌドLED、電界効果トランゞスタFET、フォトディテクタなどの電子デバむスの研究開発が盛んに行われおいる。これらの有機゚レクトロニクスデバむスは軜量、フレキシプル、倧面積化が可胜ずいった特城を有するこずから、ナビキタス瀟䌚を実珟するためのキヌテクノロゞヌずしお倧きく泚目されおいる。有機半導䜓をデバむスの掻性局に甚いた堎合、金属電極から有機薄膜ぞのキャリア泚入特性がデバむス党䜓の特性に倧きく圱響をおよがすこずが知られおいる。実際、有機LEDでは陰極、陜極材料の遞択や、キャリア泚入局の挿入などによっおキャリア泚入特性を制埡し、発光特性を向䞊させおいる。有機FETにおいおも、ケルビンプロヌブフォヌス顕埮鏡芳察によっお、゜ヌス電極有機薄膜界面に電圧降䞋が生じるこずが報告されおおり、キャリア泚入がFET特性に倧きく圱響をおよがしおいるず考えられる。そこで本研究では有機FETにおける有機半導䜓電極界面に着目し、キャリア泚入特性の解明・制埡を目的ずした。 䜎仕事関数金属であるAl仕事関数41eVやMg38eV、Ca2.9eVなどを有機FETに適甚するこずによっお電子泚入特性が向䞊するこずが報告されおいる。・しかし、䜎仕事関数金属は倧気䞭の氎や酞玠ず容易に反応しお衚面酞化膜を圢成しおしたうため、有機分子ずの急峻な界面を䜜補するこずは困難である。本研究ではAlを電極ずするボトムコンタクト型FETを䜜補し、電極の䜜補から有機半導䜓薄膜の䜜補、およぎデバむス枬定たで䞀貫しお倧気にさらさず行うこずによっおAlの衚面酞化膜の圢成を防ぎ、Alず有機分子が䜜る急峻な界面がデバむス特性におよがす圱響に぀いお怜蚎した。 半導䜓局には N 型有機半導䜓ずしお知られおいる NN’-ditridecylperylene-34910-tetraCarboxylic diimidePTCDI-C13を甚いた。Auを電極ずするデバむスでは、ゲヌト電極に正電圧を印加するず電流量が増加する゚ンハンスメント型の特性を瀺し、しきい倀電圧は13Vであった。この特性はN型有機FETでは䞀般的な特性であり、ゲヌト電圧の印加にょっお有機絶瞁局界面に電子が蓄積されるずいうこずを瀺しおいる。䞀方、Al電極を有するデバむスではゲヌト電圧が0Vにもかかわらず電流が芳枬され、負電圧の印加ずずもに電流量が枛少するN型のデプレッション型特性を瀺した。しきい倀電圧は-18Vであった。光電子分光による研究から、䜎仕事関数金属ず電子受容性の分子が接觊するず、金属から有機分子ぞず電子移動が生じるこずが報告されおいる。ここで䜜補したデバむスでは、PTCDI-C13Al界面でAlからPTCDI-C13ぞ電子移動が起こったため、ゲヌト電圧が0Vであっおも電子が絶瞁局界面に蓄積され、チャネルを圢成しお電流が芳枬されたず考えられる。䞀方、3時間倧気にさらしたAl電極を甚いたデバむスでは、しきい倀電圧は5Vこ䞊昇した。倧気にさらすこずによっおAl電極衚面に薄い酞化膜が圢成され、界面での電子移動がさたたげられた結果であるず考えられる。電子受容性有機分子䜎仕事関数金属界面における電子移動はFET特性のしきい借電圧に倧きく圱響をおよぜすこずを瀺した。 泚入特性を制埡するこずにより新しいデバむスの有機FETの電極に新芏な構造を適甚するこずによっお積極的に有機電極界面を制埡し、電子ずホヌルの同時泚入を達成しおFETから可芖発光を芳察した。 最近、P型ずN型のいずれにも動䜜可胜なambipolar同時䞡極性動䜜が可胜な有機FETに関する研究に興味が持たれおいる。このようなambipolar FETでは、電子ずホヌルを同時に有機薄膜䞭ぞ泚入するこずができるため、キャリアの再結合による発光が期埅され、スむッチングず発光機胜を兌ね備えた新芏発光デバむスずなる可胜性がある。実際、単局カヌボンナノチュヌブのambipolarFETでは、赀倖発光が芳枬されおいるB有機FETにおいおも、電子ずホヌルの同時泚入を達成するこずによっお、FETから発光が芳察されるこずが報告されおいる。しかし、䞀般的な有機FETの構造では゜ヌス電極ずドレむン電極は同じ金属を甚いおいるため、電子泚入ずホヌル泚入の䞡方に適したデバむス構造ずはなっおいない。本研究では䞀般的なAuCr積局型電極の他、電子泚入の効率化を目的ずしたAuAl積局型電極、および゜ヌス電極をAuCr、ドレむン電極をAlずする非察称型電極AuCr-Al電極を有するデバむスを䜜補し、発光効率の向䞊を目指した。 デバむスの掻性局には Poly2-methoxy-5-2\u27-ethylhexyloxy-14-phenylenevinylene]MEHPPVを甚いた。AuCr電極ではドレむンおよびゲヌト電圧を-100Vずしおも発光が芳察されなかった。䞀方、AuAl電極およびAuCr・Al電極を有するデバむスでは、ゲヌトおよびドレむン電圧の印加ずずもに発光が芳察され、発光匷床をゲヌト電圧によっお盎接制埡するこずができた。特にAuCr・Al電極を有するデバむスでは、駆動電圧、発光匷床、発光効率ずもに倧きく向䞊させるこずができた。このデバむスのFET特性には、ゲヌト電圧が0V時に電流の急激な䞊昇が芋られた。これはambipolar FETでよく芋られる挙動であり、ドレむン電極から泚入された電子が゜ヌス電極ぞず向かっお流れたものであるず考えられる。゜ヌス電極に仕事関数の高いAu51evを、ドレむン電極に仕事関数の䜎いAlを利甚するこずによっお、電子ずホヌルのいずれに察しおも効率よいキャリアの泚入を実珟し、発光効率を向䞊させるこずができた

    Alignment-free process for asymmetric contact electrodes and their application in light-emitting organic field-effect transistors

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    We developed an alignment-free process for asymmetric contacts of Au and Al and applied it to light-emitting organic field-effect transistors. Because electrons were injected efficiently from Al contacts, the emission intensity and onset voltages for light were significantly better than those in a device with conventional Au/Cr contacts. Moreover, a device with 1 µm channel length asymmetric contacts of Au and Al showed about 50 times higher current than that of the device with conventional Au/Cr contacts. This significant improvement can be ascribed to both dual space-charge formation of holes and electrons and low carrier injection barriers

    Characterization of New Rubrene Analogues with Heteroaryl Substituents

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    New rubrene analogues, which are heteroaryl-tetrasubstituted tetracenes, have been developed using a simplified synthesis approach. Their stabilities in solution were improved compared to those of rubrene. The correlation among the molecular structures, crystal structures, and charge transport properties has been investigated and compared with rubrene and various rubrene analogues. Although twisted structures of a tetracene backbone have often been found in single crystal analyses, the planarity might be related to intermolecular interactions rather than the electron donating/withdrawing properties of the heteroaryl side groups. The packing motifs in thiophene-substituted derivatives did not include π-stacking of tetracene cores, which differ from the well-known structure of rubrene. However, furan-substituted derivatives can be crystallized in the π-stacking manner. These differences in the packing structure affect hole transport properties

    Alignment-free process for asymmetric contact electrodes and their application in light-emitting organic field-effect transistors

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    We developed an alignment-free process for asymmetric contacts of Au and Al and applied it to light-emitting organic field-effect transistors. Because electrons were injected efficiently from Al contacts, the emission intensity and onset voltages for light were significantly better than those in a device with conventional Au/Cr contacts. Moreover, a device with 1 µm channel length asymmetric contacts of Au and Al showed about 50 times higher current than that of the device with conventional Au/Cr contacts. This significant improvement can be ascribed to both dual space-charge formation of holes and electrons and low carrier injection barriers

    An Ionic Liquid That Dissolves Semiconducting Polymers: A Promising Electrolyte for Bright, Efficient, and Stable Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

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    Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are composed of blends of semiconducting polymers and electrolytes, in which a unique cooperative action of ions and electrons induces a dynamic p–n junction for efficient emission. One of the crucial issues remaining in LECs is uniformity in blends of polymer and electrolyte; phase separation in between the two components results in poor performance or failure of operation. Here, we overcome this issue by developing an ionic liquid-based electrolyte of alkylphosphonium-phosphate that shows notable compatibility high enough to dissolve even light-emitting polymers. This exceptional compatibility enabled us to prepare uniform film blends with various blue to red emitting polymers, and offered bright and efficient LECs. Especially, a blue-emitting LEC showed excellent performance: the luminance reached ∌20 000 cd m<sup>–2</sup> with a high luminance efficiency of ∌5 cd A<sup>–1</sup>, of which performances significantly exceed a light-emitting diode using the same polymer. The ionic liquid was further applied to the LECs with state-of-the-art light-emitting dendrimers showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence under electrical excitation, giving a high efficiency of 11 cd A<sup>–1</sup>. These demonstrations remind us of the great importance of the polymer–electrolyte compatibility and the usefulness of ILs for electrolyte of LECs

    An Ionic Liquid That Dissolves Semiconducting Polymers: A Promising Electrolyte for Bright, Efficient, and Stable Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

    No full text
    Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are composed of blends of semiconducting polymers and electrolytes, in which a unique cooperative action of ions and electrons induces a dynamic p–n junction for efficient emission. One of the crucial issues remaining in LECs is uniformity in blends of polymer and electrolyte; phase separation in between the two components results in poor performance or failure of operation. Here, we overcome this issue by developing an ionic liquid-based electrolyte of alkylphosphonium-phosphate that shows notable compatibility high enough to dissolve even light-emitting polymers. This exceptional compatibility enabled us to prepare uniform film blends with various blue to red emitting polymers, and offered bright and efficient LECs. Especially, a blue-emitting LEC showed excellent performance: the luminance reached ∌20 000 cd m<sup>–2</sup> with a high luminance efficiency of ∌5 cd A<sup>–1</sup>, of which performances significantly exceed a light-emitting diode using the same polymer. The ionic liquid was further applied to the LECs with state-of-the-art light-emitting dendrimers showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence under electrical excitation, giving a high efficiency of 11 cd A<sup>–1</sup>. These demonstrations remind us of the great importance of the polymer–electrolyte compatibility and the usefulness of ILs for electrolyte of LECs
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