Additional file 4: of The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and metabolic risk factors in black and white South African women: a cross-sectional study

Table S4. Adjusted associations between HDL-C and hsCRP in black and white South African women. Data represents β-coefficients [95% confidence interval] and adjusted-R2. Model 1: hsCRP + age + race/ethnicity + (hsCRP x race/ethnicity interaction); Model 2: (Model 1) + SES + lifestyle factors; Model 3: (Model 2) + WC. hsCRP, C-reactive protein; hsCRP x race/ethnicity, interaction between hsCRP and race/ethnicity; WC, waist circumference; SES, socio-economic status; ln(HDL-C), natural log of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001 (PDF 549 kb

Additional file 3: of The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and metabolic risk factors in black and white South African women: a cross-sectional study

Table S3. Adjusted associations between total cholesterol and hsCRP in black and white South African women. Data represents β-coefficients [95% confidence interval] and adjusted-R2. Model 1: hsCRP + age + race/ethnicity + (hsCRP x race/ethnicity interaction); Model 2: (Model 1) + SES + lifestyle factors; Model 3: (Model 2) + WC. hsCRP, C-reactive protein; hsCRP x race/ethnicity, interaction between hsCRP and race/ethnicity; WC, waist circumference; SES, socio-economic status; ln(TC), natural log of total cholesterol. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001 (PDF 542 kb

Additional file 5: of The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and metabolic risk factors in black and white South African women: a cross-sectional study

Table S5. Adjusted associations between LDL-C and hsCRP in black and white South African women. Data represents β-coefficients [95% confidence interval] and adjusted-R2. Model 1: hsCRP + age + race/ethnicity + (hsCRP x race/ethnicity interaction); Model 2: (Model 1) + SES + lifestyle factors; Model 3: (Model 2) + WC. hsCRP, C-reactive protein; hsCRP x race/ethnicity, interaction between hsCRP and race/ethnicity; WC, waist circumference; SES, socio-economic status; ln(LDL-C), natural log of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001. (PDF 565 kb

Additional file 2: of The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and metabolic risk factors in black and white South African women: a cross-sectional study

Table S2. Adjusted associations between triglycerides and hsCRP in black and white South African women. Data represents β-coefficients [95% confidence interval] and adjusted-R2. Model 1: hsCRP + age + race/ethnicity + (hsCRP x race/ethnicity interaction); Model 2: (Model 1) + SES + lifestyle factors; Model 3: (Model 2) + WC. hsCRP, C-reactive protein; hsCRP x race/ethnicity, interaction between hsCRP and race/ethnicity; WC, waist circumference; SES, socio-economic status; ln(TG), natural log of triglycerides. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001 (PDF 545 kb

Additional file 1: of The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and metabolic risk factors in black and white South African women: a cross-sectional study

Table S1. Adjusted associations between insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and hsCRP in black and white South African women. Data represents β-coefficients [95% confidence interval] and adjusted-R2. Model 1: hsCRP + age + race/ethnicity + (hsCRP x race/ethnicity interaction); Model 2: (Model 1) + SES + lifestyle factors; Model 3: (Model 2) + WC. hsCRP, C-reactive protein; hsCRP x race/ethnicity, interaction between hsCRP and race/ethnicity; WC, waist circumference; SES, socio-economic status; ln(HOMA-IR), natural log of homeostatic model assessment. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001 (PDF 1343 kb

Subject characteristics.

<p>SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT alanine aminotransferase; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance.</p>**<p><i>P<</i>0.01 and <i>^***P<</i>0.001 <i>vs.</i> premenopausal women.</p

Subcutaneous adipose tissue 11βHSD1.

<p><b>A</b> 11βHSD1 transcript levels were normalized to endogenous control Cyclophilin A. *<i>P</i><0.05, ** <i>P</i><0.01, N = 19, 17, and 23 for the premenopausal follicular (□), luteal (▪), and postmenopausal (▴) groups, respectively. One woman in follicular phase and three in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle did not have the biopsy and three women in each premenopausal group were found not to be in the correct phase. Data were natural log-transformed to achieve normal distribution. <b>B</b> Correlation between adipose 11βHSD1 activity after 24 hr incubation (percent conversion) and adipose 11βHSD1 mRNA expression (relative to Cyclophilin A). Premenopausal follicular (□), luteal (▪), and postmenopausal women (▴). Linear regression line is shown for the postmenopausal group, dotted lines denotes the 95% confidence interval. <b>C</b> Subcutaneous adipose tissue 11βHSD1 activity was measured as percent conversion of cortisol to cortisone over time in tissue homogenates, protein concentration 3 mg/ml. N = 13, 10, and 20 for premenopausal follicular (□), luteal (▪), and postmenopausal women (▴), respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups. Data were ln-transformed to achieve normal distribution and are shown as means±SEM.</p

Urinary corticosteroid metabolites.

<p>Three women in each premenopausal group were found not to be in the anticipated phase of the menstrual cycle, one woman in follicular phase did not comply with the instructions of the urine collection and two women in luteal and one woman in follicular phase of the menstrual cycle did not collect urine. ^*<i>P</i><0.05 and^***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs.</i> follicular phase.</p>†<p><i>P</i><0.05 and ^††<i>P</i><0.01 <i>vs.</i> luteal phase. THF, tetrahydrocortisol; THE, tetrahydrocortisone.</p

Circulating levels of steroids and lipids and adipose aromatase transcript levels.

<p>One woman in follicular phase and three in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle did not have the biopsy and three women in each premenopausal group were found not to be in the correct menstrual phase. 11βHSD1, 11β-hydroxyteroid dehydrogenase type 1; PPIA, Cyclophilin A; SHBG, Sex hormone-binding globulin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL low-density lipoprotein; ApoA1, Apolipoprotein A-1; ApoB, Apolipoprotein B. N = 16 for luteal phase blood lipid data.</p>*<p><i>P<</i>0.05, ^**<i>P<</i>0.01 and^***<i>P<</i>0.001 <i>vs.</i> follicular phase.</p>†<p><i>P<</i>0.05, ^††<i>P<</i>0.01 and^†††<i>P<</i>0.001 <i>vs.</i> luteal phase.</p

Hepatic 11βHSD1 activity.

<p>Serum cortisol levels after overnight dexamethasone suppression and oral cortisone intake (25 mg). Postmenopausal women (▴, N = 23) had higher serum cortisol levels at 30 min post cortisone intake than premenopausal women in follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (□, N = 17). *<i>P</i><0.05 and **<i>P</i><0.01 for postmenopausal <i>vs.</i> premenopausal follicular phase. Luteal phase, ▪, N = 16. Data are means±SEM.</p