Regional planning for target populations: A spatial interpretation of the redistribution with growth model

This article demonstrates how, in the context of developing countries, a regional development policy can incorporate the objectives of both regional growth and increased intra-regional equity. The mechanism for accommodating both objectives is highlighted by the linking features of the regional economy. As far as regional growth is concerned, the expected impact of the regional multiplier factor can be determined by analyzing the spatial characteristics of the liaison structure of the economic activities favored by regional policy. As far as this interregional equality is concerned, efforts can be made to predict the inter-regional distribution impact of regional policy by identifying which economic groups are connected to the relevant growth sector. The theoretical basis of the article is the Reversal of Growth Model of Development Economists - emphasizing that the policies that are followed must clearly identify specific needy groups. The analysis of shift impacts on growth and distribution during the three stages of the multiplication process, provides a mechanism for combining the goals of regional growth and equality, as well as identifying the mutual equations between them

Industrial decentralisation, Bantustan policy, and the control of labour in South Africa

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented 6 August 1984During the last two decades, industrial decentralisation and growth centre policies have been widely applied throughout the world. In this paper the authors describe a rather distinct application of those policies, namely that directed to facilitating the control of labour in South Africa. We also assess the extent to which the policies have "succeeded" and can succeed. Success cannot be judged in terms of criteria that may be used when evaluating decentralisation policies elsewhere in the world. In South Africa, such policies have been explicitly designed to further the system of apartheid and thereby the control of labour. Their success or failure lies in the extent to which they are able to do that. We have stressed how the recent emphasis on industrial decentralisation reflects the current and lasting crisis in Bantustan policy (2)

FLORIDA AND THE FRESH STRAWBERRY INDUSTRY

Agribusiness,

Infiltration and short-term movement of nitrogen in a silt-loam soil typical of rice cultivation in Arkansas

Rice production in Arkansas is one of the top three crop commodities in terms of cash receipts. Researchers and farmers report that nitrogen (N) needs to be managed according to a variety of factors with two important ones being soil and fertilizer type. The objectives of this experiment were to determine: 1) the degree to which floodwater-incorporated N applied as urea or as ammonium sulfate infiltrates intact cores (7.2-cm dia., 10-cm depth) containing DeWitt siltloam soil, and 2) the distribution of N during 12 h of ponding. Inorganic-N concentrations were analyzed at 2-cm depth intervals in cores following removal of the flood. Nitrogen from applied fertilizer was recovered as ammonium. Ammonium sulfate-N remained in the top 4 cm of soil with concentrations of 375 µg N g-1 in the surface 2 cm and 300 µg N g-1 at the 2 - 4 cm depth after 12 hr of ponding. At all depth intervals below 4 cm, ammonium sulfate-N remained below 30 µg N g-1. In contrast, after 12 h of ponding, N in soil receiving urea was 105 µg N g-1 in the top 2 cm and 173 µg N g-1 at 2-4 cm. At 4-6, 6-8, and 8-10 cm, N was 109, 108, and 35 µg N g-1, respectively, after 12 h of ponding. These results demonstrate immediate and deeper movement of ammonium into silt loam soil receiving urea as compared to ammonium sulfate, demonstrating how the form of N in fertilizer affects its movement into the soil profile

Machines on Genes: Enzymes that Make, Break and Move DNA and RNA

As the vital information repositories of the cell, the nucleic acids DNA and RNA pose many challenges as enzyme substrates. To produce, maintain and repair DNA and RNA, and to extract the genetic information that they encode, a battery of remarkable enzymes has evolved, which includes translocases, polymerases/replicases, helicases, nucleases, topoisomerases, transposases, recombinases, repair enzymes and ribosomes. An understanding of how these enzymes function is essential if we are to have a clear view of the molecular biology of the cell and aspire to manipulate genomes and gene expression to our advantage. To bring together scientists working in this fast-developing field, the Biochemical Society held a Focused Meeting, ‘Machines on Genes: Enzymes that Make, Break and Move DNA and RNA’, at Robinson College, University of Cambridge, U.K., in August 2009. The present article summarizes the research presented at this meeting and the reviews associated with the talks which are published in this issue of Biochemical Society Transactions

Lens design for manufacture

The manufacture of complete optical systems can be broken down into three distinct stages; the optical and mechanical design, the production of both optical and mechanical components and finally their assembly and test. The three stages must not be taken in isolation if the system is to fulfil its required optical performance at reasonable cost. This report looks first at the optical design phase. There are a number of different optical design computer packages on the market that optimise an optical system for optical performance. These packages can be used to generate the maximum manufacturing errors, or tolerances, which are permissible if the system is to meets its design requirement. There is obviously a close relationship between the manufacturing tolerances and the cost of the system, and an analysis of this relationship is presented in this report. There is also an attempt made to optimise the design of a simple optical system for cost along with optical performance. Once the design is complete the production phase begins and this report then examines the current techniques employed in the manufacture, and testing of optical components. There are numerous methods available to measure the surface form generated on optical elements ranging from simple test plates through to complex interferometers. The majority of these methods require the element to be removed from the manufacturing environment and are therefore not in-process techniques that would be the most desirable. The difficulties surrounding the measurement of aspheric surfaces are also discussed. Another common theme for the non-contact test techniques is the requirement to have a test or null plate which can either limit the range of surfaces the designer may chose from or increase the cost of the optical system as the test surface will first have to be manufactured. The development of the synthetic aperture interferometer is presented in this report. This technique provides a non-contact method of surface form measurement of aspheric surfaces without needing null or test plates. The final area to be addressed is the assembly and test stage. The current assembly methods are presented, with the most common industry standard method being to fully assemble the optical system prior to examining its performance. Also, a number of active alignment techniques are discussed including whether the alignment of the individual optical elements is checked, and if need be adjusted, during the assembly phase. In general these techniques rely upon the accuracy of manufacture of the mechanical components to facilitate the optical alignment of the system. Finally a computer aided optical alignment technique is presented which allows the optical alignment of the system to be brought within tolerance prior to the cementing in place of an outer casing. This method circumvents the need for very tight manufacturing tolerances on the mechanical components and also removes the otherwise labour intensive task of assembling and disassembling an optical system until the required level of performance is achieved.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Effects of Some Common Food Constituents on Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and there is considerable interest in the role of dietary constituents and supplements in the prevention and treatment of these disorders. We reviewed the major publications related to potential effects on cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes of some common dietary constituents: carotenoids, flavonoid-rich cocoa, tea, red wine and grapes, coffee, omega-3 fatty acids, and garlic. Increased intake of some of these has been associated with reduced all-cause mortality or reduced incidence of myocardial infraction, stroke, and hypertension. However, although the evidence from observational studies is supportive of beneficial effects for most of these foodstuffs taken as part of the diet, potential benefits from the use of supplements derived from these natural products remain largely inconclusive