Pranje i dezinfekcija vodovodne mreže na poligonu nacionalne vozačke akademije NAVAK u Subotištu

Simply and cheap cleaning/disinfection procedure for treatment of aqueduct network from car testing polygon in Subotište was shown. Aqueduct network was exploited for three years without any water treatment. High water temperature up to 28°C and absence of disinfection, resulted in biofilm formation at pipe surface. Pipe-line was improved by cleaning and washing, neutralization, hyperchlorination and application of peroxide and silver. The effect of the process parameters (concentration and type of agent) on cleaning, washing and disinfection of pipe-line was investigated. A new, low-cost method for the use of tested chemicals based on frontal release of "plugs" was established. The results showed that prior to the treatment there was bacteriological contamination of the pipeline with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, after the performed cleaning, wash and water disinfection process at all points in the business premises and hydrant network, the quality of water was according to Rulebook on the bacteriological correctness of drinking water. The most effective oxidation and disinfection agent has been shown to be a composite solvent based on hydrogen peroxide and colloidal silver "Silosone" at a concentration of up to 20 mg/L.U radu je prikazan jednostavan i jeftin postupak za čišćenje i dezinfekciju vodovodnog sistema na poligonu za ispitivanje automobila u Subotištu. Vodovodni sistem je bio u eksploataciji tri godine bez ikakvog tretmana vode. Povećana temperatura vode do čak 28°C i odsustvo dezinfekcionog sredstva uzrok je pojave biofilma u cevovodu. Cevovod je saniran čišćenjem i ispiranjem, neutralizacijom, hiperhlorisanjem i primenom peroksida i srebra. Ustanovljen je efekat operativnih parametara (koncentracija i vrsta sredstva) za proces čišćenja, pranja i dezinfekcije cevovoda. Prikazan je i novi metod frontalnog puštanja „čepova“ testiranih sredstava za čišćenje i pranje, a uz minimalnu potrošnju kako bi troškovi procesa bili što niži. Rezultati su pokazali da je pre tretmana postojalo bakteriološko zagađenje cevovoda bakterijom Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Međutim, posle izvršenih procesa čišćenja, pranja i dezinfekcije voda na svim točećim mestima u poslovnim objektima i hidrantskoj mreži, bila po Pravilniku o bakteriološkoj ispravnosti pijaće vode. Pokazano je da je najefikasnije sredstvo za oksidaciju i dezinfekciju kompozitno sredstvo na bazi vodonik peroksida i koloidnog srebra „Silozon“ u koncentraciji do 20 mg/L

Proteome sequence features carry signatures of the environmental niche of prokaryotes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Prokaryotic environmental adaptations occur at different levels within cells to ensure the preservation of genome integrity, proper protein folding and function as well as membrane fluidity. Although specific composition and structure of cellular components suitable for the variety of extreme conditions has already been postulated, a systematic study describing such adaptations has not yet been performed. We therefore explored whether the environmental niche of a prokaryote could be deduced from the sequence of its proteome. Finally, we aimed at finding the precise differences between proteome sequences of prokaryotes from different environments.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We analyzed the proteomes of 192 prokaryotes from different habitats. We collected detailed information about the optimal growth conditions of each microorganism. Furthermore, we selected 42 physico-chemical properties of amino acids and computed their values for each proteome. Further, on the same set of features we applied two fundamentally different machine learning methods, Support Vector Machines and Random Forests, to successfully classify between bacteria and archaea, halophiles and non-halophiles, as well as mesophiles, thermophiles and mesothermophiles. Finally, we performed feature selection by using Random Forests.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>To our knowledge, this is the first time that three different classification cases (domain of life, halophilicity and thermophilicity) of proteome adaptation are successfully performed with the same set of 42 features. The characteristic features of a specific adaptation constitute a signature that may help understanding the mechanisms of adaptation to extreme environments.</p

The Consequences of Political Party Inadequate Management

Political parties belong to organizational systems and they must be guided. Defining the aims, the way they are put in practice, constan control, mаnagement team choice, cooperation with the environment are just some of the activities political party management is involved in. Management efficiancy depends on how long and in what way political party is going to last. Successful management can lead political party to unexpected heights (achievements)

Acute Kidney Damage in Pregnancy: Etiopathogenesis, Diagnostics and Basic Principles of Treatment

Acute kidney damage associated with pregnancy occurs in 1/20.000 pregnancies. In developing countries, the main cause of the development of acute kidney damage is septic abortion, and preeclampsia in the developed countries of the world. Preeclampsia is defined as newly developed hypertension, proteinuria and swelling in pregnant women after the 20th week of gestation. It occurs due to disorders in the development of placenta and systemic disorders of the function of the endothelium of the mother. It is treated with methyldopa, magnesium sulfate and timely delivery. Urgent delivery is indicated if the age of gestation is ≥ 34 weeks. HELLP syndrome is a difficult form of preeclampsia. Its main characteristics are decreased platelet count, microangiopathic hemolysis anemia, increased concentration of aminotransferase in the serum and acute kidney damage. Severe HELLP syndrome is treated with emergency delivery, antihypertensives, magnesium sulfate, and in some cases plasmapheresis and hemodialysis. Acute fatty liver in pregnancy occurs because of decreased activity of the LCHAD enzyme of the fetus. Due to the reduced beta oxidation of fatty acids in the hepatocytes of the fetus, long chain fatty acids that cause damage to the mother’s hepatocytes are released. Swansea criteria are used for diagnosis, and the difficult form of the disease is treated with plasmapheresis and extracorporeal liver support. Atypical HUS is due to a reduced protein activity that regulates the activity of the alternative pathway of the complement system. Its main features are thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and acute kidney damage. It is treated with plasmapheresis, and in case of resistance with eculizumab. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is due to decreased activity of the ADAMTS13 enzyme. It is characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, high temperature, nervous system disorders and acute kidney damage. It is treated with plasmapheresis, and severe form of disease with corticosteroids and azathioprine. Early detection and timely treatment of acute kidney damage provides a good outcome for the mother and fetus

Spontaneous Subcapsular Renal Hematoma as a Complication of Acute Pyelonephritis: A Case Report

Spontaneous subcapsular renal hematoma (SSRH) emerged as a complication of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is an extremely rare condition. We showed a patient aged 63 years hospitalized due to languor, febrility, abdominal pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Ultrasound (US) examination of the abdomen and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) showed the presence of subcapsular hematoma of the left kidney with calculus in the initial part of the left ureter. Laboratory tests registered a positive inflammation syndrome, anemia and an increase in nitrogen compounds. Based on laboratory results, clinical presentation and imaging techniques it has been found that it is APN with spontaneous subcapsular hematoma. After application of non-surgical treatment which included antibiotic therapy with percutaneous drainage of hematoma, a good clinical response with regression of subjective symptoms and hematoma was obtained. On repeated US and MDCT after 18 months no pathological changes in the kidneys were registered. Spontaneous subcapsular hematoma extremely rare occurs as a result of APN associated with calculosis. The use of non-surgical treatment, which includes appropriate antibiotic therapy with percutaneous drainage of hematoma would represent a method of first choice

Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1: Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment

Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1 (CRS-1) is defined as an acute worsening of heart function leading to acute kidney injury and/or dysfunction. It is an important cause of hospitalization which affects the diagnosis as well as the prognosis and treatment of patients. The purpose of this paper is to analyze causes that lead to the development of cardiorenal syndrome type 1 and its clinical consequences, as well as to emphasize the clinical importance of its early detection. The clinical studies and professional papers dealing with etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of cardiorenal syndrome type 1, have been analyzed. The most important role in the occurrence of cardio renal syndrome type 1 is played by hemodynamic mechanisms, activation of neurohumoral systems, inflammation and imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Diagnosis of cardiorenal syndrome type 1 involves biomarkers of acute renal injury among which the most important are: neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), IL-18 and the values of nitrogen compounds in serum. In addition to a pharmacological therapy, various modalities of extracorporeal ultrafiltration are applied in treatment of CRS-1, particularly if there is resistance to the use of diuretic therapy. As opposed to the experimental models, in clinical practice acute renal injury is often diagnosed late so that the measures taken do not give the expected results and the protective role shown in experimental conditions do not give the same results. For all these reasons, it is necessary to analyze the pathophysiology of renal impairment in cardiorenal syndrome as well as detect early indicators of kidney injury that could have clinical benefit and positive impact on reducing the cost of treatment

Renovascular Hypertension: Clinical Features, Differential Diagnoses and Basic Principles of Treatment

Renovascular hypertension is caused by renal artery stenosis. Its prevalence in populations of hypertensive patients is 1-8%, and in populations of patients with resistant hypertension, it is up to 20%. The two main causes of stenosis are atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery. The main clinical consequences of renal artery stenosis include renovascular hypertension, ischemic nephropathy and “flash” acute pulmonary oedema. Unilateral stenosis of the renal artery causes angiotensin II-dependent hypertension, and bilateral stenosis of the renal arteries produces volume-dependent hypertension. Renovascular aetiology of hypertension should be questioned in patients with resistant hypertension, hypertension with a murmur identified upon auscultation of the renal arteries, and a noticeable side-to-side difference in kidney size. Non-invasive diagnostic tests include the determination of concentrations of peripheral vein plasma renin activity, the captopril test, captopril scintigraphy, colour Doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography, and nuclear resonance angiography. Renovasography represents the gold standard for the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension. The indications for revascularization of the renal artery include haemodynamically significant renal artery stenosis (with a systolic pressure gradient at the site of stenosis of - ΔP ≥ 20 mmHg, along with the ratio of the pressure in the distal part of the renal artery (Pd) and aortic pressure (Pa) less than 0.9 (Pd/Pa 0.8, chronic kidney disease (GFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2) and negative captopril scintigraphy (lack of lateralization)

Acute Kidney Damage: Definition, Classification and Optimal Time of Hemodialysis

Acute damage to the kidney is a serious complication in patients in intensive care units. The causes of acute kidney damage in these patients may be prerenal, renal and postrenal. Sepsis is the most common cause of the development of acute kidney damage in intensive care units. For the definition and classification of acute kidney damage in clinical practice, the RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO classifications are used. There is a complex link between acute kidney damage and other organs. Acute kidney damage is induced by complex pathophysiological mechanisms that cause acute damage and functional disorders of the heart (acute heart failure, acute coronary syndrome and cardiac arrhythmias), brain (whole body cramps, ischaemic stroke and coma), lung (acute damage to the lung and acute respiratory distress syndrome) and liver (hypoxic hepatitis and acute hepatic insufficiency). New biomarkers, colour Doppler ultrasound diagnosis and kidney biopsy have significant roles in the diagnosis of acute kidney damage. Prevention of the development of acute kidney damage in intensive care units includes maintaining an adequate haemodynamic status in patients and avoiding nephrotoxic drugs and agents (radiocontrast agents). The complications of acute kidney damage (hyperkalaemia, metabolic acidosis, hypervolaemia and azotaemia) are treated with medications, intravenous solutions, and therapies for renal function replacement. Absolute indications for acute haemodialysis include resistant hyperkalaemia, severe metabolic acidosis, resistant hypervolaemia and complications of high azotaemia. In the absence of an absolute indication, dialysis is indicated for patients in intensive care units at stage 3 of the AKIN/KDIGO classification and in some patients with stage 2. Intermittent haemodialysis is applied for haemodynamically stable patients with severe hyperkalaemia and hypervolaemia. In patients who are haemodynamically unstable and have liver insufficiency or brain damage, continuous modalities of treatment for renal replacement are indicated