Diffuse sclerosing variant of thyroid carcinoma presenting as Hashimoto thyroiditis: a case report [Difuzno sklerozirajući oblik papilarnog karcinoma štitnjače nalik Hashimoto tireoiditisu: prikaz slučaja]

The aim of report is to present a case of a rare diffuse sclerosing variant of a papillary thyroid carcinoma. A 15-year old girl referred for ultrasound examination because of painless thyroid swelling lasting 10 days before. An ultrasound of the neck showed diffusely changed thyroid parenchyma, without nodes, looking as lymphocytic thyroiditis Hashimoto at first, but with snow-storm appearance, predominantly in the right lobe. Positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-AT) also suggested Hashimoto thyroiditis. Repeated US-FNAB (fine needle-aspiration biopsy) of the right lobe revealed diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma and patient underwent total thyreoidectomy. Patohistologic finding confirmed diffuse sclerosing variant of a papillary thyroid carcinoma in the both thyroid lobes and several metastatic lymph nodes. Two months later patient recived radioablative therapy with 3700 MBq (100 mCi) of 1-131 followed by levothyroxine replacement. At the moment, patient is without evidence of local or distant metastases and next regular control is scheduled in 6 months. In conclusion, a diffuse sclerosing variant is rare form of papillary thyroid carcinoma that echographically looks similar to Hashimoto thyroiditis and sometimes could be easily overlooked

Pharmacogenomics: Sex Differences and Application in Pediatrics

Pharmacogenomics is a promising field which increasingly influences medicine and biomedical research in many areas. The aim of this article is to review recent advancements in the understanding of genetic polymorphisms and their influence on interindividual variability in drug response. Also, the main variabilities in drug response according to sex differences will be discussed. The translation of pharmacogenomics into the clinical routine as well as the challenges of achieving the goal of personalized medicine are also discussed. The role of pharmacogenetic tests in pediatrics has not been well defined yet, but it is clear that those tests could help in resolving some issues regarding the administration of drugs to children. At the conclusion, the foremost ethical, social and regulatory issues regarding the translation of pharmacogenomics into clinical practice and future perspectives in the field will be discussed

Ozljede glavnog žučovoda tijekom otvorene i laparoskopske kolecistektomije u Kliničkoj bolnici "Sestre milosrdnice" od 1995. do 2001. godine

Bile duct injury is one of the most severe complications of cholecystectomy. Several multi-center studies have demonstrated these injuries to be more commonly associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy than with open cholecystectomy. During a 7-year period, from January 1995 till December 2001, 4528 patients underwent cholecystectomy at the University Department of Surgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital in Zagreb, Croatia. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 2657 (58%) of these patients. Bile duct injury was recorded in 15 (0.33%) patients, three (0.16%) of them submitted to open cholecystectomy. Of the latter, partial transsection of the common bile duct occurred in two patients and complete transsection in one patient. In the series of patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, bile duct injury occurred in 12 (0.45%) patients, with complete transsection of the common bile duct observed in five, partial transsection in three, and bile duct injury with a metal clip in three patients. Common bile duct stricture without apparent intraoperative injury developed in one patient during the late postoperative period. All these 15 patients with iatrogenic bile duct injury that occurred during either open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy were surgically managed. Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy was performed in nine patients, whereas the remaining six patients underwent common bile duct reconstruction by creating a terminoterminal anastomosis and T-tube insertion. Stricture of the anastomosis in the late postoperative period developed in five of these patients, who underwent secondary reconstruction of biliary continuity by Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy.Ozljeda glavnog žučovoda jedna je od najtežih komplikacija kolecistektomije. Nekoliko je multicentričnih studija pokazalo kako su ove ozljede češće kod laparoskopske negoli kod otvorene kolecistektomije. Tijekom sedmogodišnjeg razdoblja, od siječnja 1995. do prosinca 2001. godine, na Klinici za kirurgiju Kliničke bolnice "Sestre milosrdnice" u Zagrebu izvedena je kolecistektomija u 4528 bolesnika. Laparoskopska kolecistektomija učinjena je u 2657 (58%) bolesnika. Ozljeda glavnog žučovoda zabilježena je u 15 (0,33%) bolesnika. Ozljeda glavnog žučovoda nastala je u troje (0,16%) operiranih bolesnika metodom otvorene kolecistektomije. Djelomično presijecanje glavnog žučovoda nastupilo je kod dvoje bolesnika, a potpuno presijecanje kod jednog bolesnika. U skupini bolesnika kod kojih je učinjena laparoskopska kolecistektomija do ozljeda glavnog žučovoda došlo je u 12 (0,45%) operiranih: potpuno presijecanje glavnog žučovoda u petero, djelomično presijecanje u troje, ozljeda metalnom kopčom također u troje te suženje glavnog žučovoda bez intraoperacijski vidljive ozljede u jednog bolesnika i to u kasnom poslijeoperacijskom razdoblju. Svi bolesnici s jatrogenom ozljedom glavnog žučovoda koja je nastala nakon otvorene ili laparoskopske kolecistektomije liječeni su kirurški. Koledokojejuno-anastomoza po Rouxu izvedena je u devetoro bolesnika a kod šestoro bolesnika napravljena je rekonstrukcija glavnog žučovoda pomoću terminoterminalne anastomoze i uvođenjem T cjevčice. Suženje anastomoze nastupilo je u kasnom poslijeoperacijskom razdoblju u petoro bolesnika. Zato je kod njih izvedena sekundarna rekonstrukcija žučnog kontinuiteta pomoću koledokojejuno-anastomoze po Roux-u

Ozljede glavnog žučovoda tijekom otvorene i laparoskopske kolecistektomije u Kliničkoj bolnici "Sestre milosrdnice" od 1995. do 2001. godine

Bile duct injury is one of the most severe complications of cholecystectomy. Several multi-center studies have demonstrated these injuries to be more commonly associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy than with open cholecystectomy. During a 7-year period, from January 1995 till December 2001, 4528 patients underwent cholecystectomy at the University Department of Surgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital in Zagreb, Croatia. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 2657 (58%) of these patients. Bile duct injury was recorded in 15 (0.33%) patients, three (0.16%) of them submitted to open cholecystectomy. Of the latter, partial transsection of the common bile duct occurred in two patients and complete transsection in one patient. In the series of patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, bile duct injury occurred in 12 (0.45%) patients, with complete transsection of the common bile duct observed in five, partial transsection in three, and bile duct injury with a metal clip in three patients. Common bile duct stricture without apparent intraoperative injury developed in one patient during the late postoperative period. All these 15 patients with iatrogenic bile duct injury that occurred during either open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy were surgically managed. Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy was performed in nine patients, whereas the remaining six patients underwent common bile duct reconstruction by creating a terminoterminal anastomosis and T-tube insertion. Stricture of the anastomosis in the late postoperative period developed in five of these patients, who underwent secondary reconstruction of biliary continuity by Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy.Ozljeda glavnog žučovoda jedna je od najtežih komplikacija kolecistektomije. Nekoliko je multicentričnih studija pokazalo kako su ove ozljede češće kod laparoskopske negoli kod otvorene kolecistektomije. Tijekom sedmogodišnjeg razdoblja, od siječnja 1995. do prosinca 2001. godine, na Klinici za kirurgiju Kliničke bolnice "Sestre milosrdnice" u Zagrebu izvedena je kolecistektomija u 4528 bolesnika. Laparoskopska kolecistektomija učinjena je u 2657 (58%) bolesnika. Ozljeda glavnog žučovoda zabilježena je u 15 (0,33%) bolesnika. Ozljeda glavnog žučovoda nastala je u troje (0,16%) operiranih bolesnika metodom otvorene kolecistektomije. Djelomično presijecanje glavnog žučovoda nastupilo je kod dvoje bolesnika, a potpuno presijecanje kod jednog bolesnika. U skupini bolesnika kod kojih je učinjena laparoskopska kolecistektomija do ozljeda glavnog žučovoda došlo je u 12 (0,45%) operiranih: potpuno presijecanje glavnog žučovoda u petero, djelomično presijecanje u troje, ozljeda metalnom kopčom također u troje te suženje glavnog žučovoda bez intraoperacijski vidljive ozljede u jednog bolesnika i to u kasnom poslijeoperacijskom razdoblju. Svi bolesnici s jatrogenom ozljedom glavnog žučovoda koja je nastala nakon otvorene ili laparoskopske kolecistektomije liječeni su kirurški. Koledokojejuno-anastomoza po Rouxu izvedena je u devetoro bolesnika a kod šestoro bolesnika napravljena je rekonstrukcija glavnog žučovoda pomoću terminoterminalne anastomoze i uvođenjem T cjevčice. Suženje anastomoze nastupilo je u kasnom poslijeoperacijskom razdoblju u petoro bolesnika. Zato je kod njih izvedena sekundarna rekonstrukcija žučnog kontinuiteta pomoću koledokojejuno-anastomoze po Roux-u

Occurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Chronic hepatitis C Treated with Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy

Poznato je kako oboljeli od kronične bolesti jetre učestalije obolijevaju od hepatocelularnog karcinoma. Premda se RNA molekula hepatitis C virusa uspješno eliminira iz cirkulacije direktnodjelujućim antivirusnim lijekovima, HCV RNA može ostati i dalje prisutna u jetrenom tkivu ili perifernim mononuklearnim stanicama te je taj entitet poznat kao okultni HCV. Postoje brojne nedoumice povezane s ponovnom pojavom HCC-a nakon provedenog liječenja DAA terapijom jetrenih stanica kronično zaraženih HCV-om, a jedan od glavnih čimbenika rizika koji dovodi do de novo HCC-a je pojava kroničnosti HCV-a u stanicama jetre. Mnoge studije provedene su s ciljem istraživanja promjena jetrenih stanica inficiranih HCV-om u HCC. Međutim, još uvijek nisu u potpunosti jasni molekularni mehanizmi koji vode do progresije kronične HCV infekcije u HCC i učinak HCV-a na promjenu DNA ploidnosti, što dovodi do ponovnog povratka HCC-a nakon liječenja DAA terapijom. Stoga je cilj ovoga članka razmotriti čimbenike rizika koji bi mogli dovesti do razvoja HCC-a nakon liječenja HCV-a upotrebom DAA terapije, poput uloge ciroze jetre, promjene DNA ploidnosti, reaktivacije virusa hepatitisa B, kao i okultne HCV infekcije.Patients with chronic liver disease are known to be more likely to develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although direct-acting antivirals have proven successful in eliminating the hepatitis C virus RNA from blood circulation, the HCV RNA can still remain present in liver tissue or peripheral blood mononuclear cells – a condition known as occult HCV infection. There have been numerous concerns related to the recurrence of HCC after DAA treatment of hepatocytes infected with chronic HCV. One of the major risk factors leading to de novo HCC is the chronicity of HCV in liver cells. Moreover, numerous studies investigated the change of HCV-infected hepatocytes into HCC. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to the progression of chronic HCV infection into HCC, as well as the effect of HCV on the alteration of DNA ploidy that leads to recurrence of HCC after DAA treatment, are still unclear. Therefore, this article examines the risk factors that could lead to the development of HCC after treatment of HCV with DAAs, such as the role of liver cirrhosis, reactivation of hepatitis B virus, alteration of DNA ploidy and occult HCV infection

Occurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Chronic hepatitis C Treated with Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy

Poznato je kako oboljeli od kronične bolesti jetre učestalije obolijevaju od hepatocelularnog karcinoma. Premda se RNA molekula hepatitis C virusa uspješno eliminira iz cirkulacije direktnodjelujućim antivirusnim lijekovima, HCV RNA može ostati i dalje prisutna u jetrenom tkivu ili perifernim mononuklearnim stanicama te je taj entitet poznat kao okultni HCV. Postoje brojne nedoumice povezane s ponovnom pojavom HCC-a nakon provedenog liječenja DAA terapijom jetrenih stanica kronično zaraženih HCV-om, a jedan od glavnih čimbenika rizika koji dovodi do de novo HCC-a je pojava kroničnosti HCV-a u stanicama jetre. Mnoge studije provedene su s ciljem istraživanja promjena jetrenih stanica inficiranih HCV-om u HCC. Međutim, još uvijek nisu u potpunosti jasni molekularni mehanizmi koji vode do progresije kronične HCV infekcije u HCC i učinak HCV-a na promjenu DNA ploidnosti, što dovodi do ponovnog povratka HCC-a nakon liječenja DAA terapijom. Stoga je cilj ovoga članka razmotriti čimbenike rizika koji bi mogli dovesti do razvoja HCC-a nakon liječenja HCV-a upotrebom DAA terapije, poput uloge ciroze jetre, promjene DNA ploidnosti, reaktivacije virusa hepatitisa B, kao i okultne HCV infekcije.Patients with chronic liver disease are known to be more likely to develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although direct-acting antivirals have proven successful in eliminating the hepatitis C virus RNA from blood circulation, the HCV RNA can still remain present in liver tissue or peripheral blood mononuclear cells – a condition known as occult HCV infection. There have been numerous concerns related to the recurrence of HCC after DAA treatment of hepatocytes infected with chronic HCV. One of the major risk factors leading to de novo HCC is the chronicity of HCV in liver cells. Moreover, numerous studies investigated the change of HCV-infected hepatocytes into HCC. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to the progression of chronic HCV infection into HCC, as well as the effect of HCV on the alteration of DNA ploidy that leads to recurrence of HCC after DAA treatment, are still unclear. Therefore, this article examines the risk factors that could lead to the development of HCC after treatment of HCV with DAAs, such as the role of liver cirrhosis, reactivation of hepatitis B virus, alteration of DNA ploidy and occult HCV infection

Simetrična fibrozna hiperplazija nepca

Bilateral symmetrical fibrous palate hyperplasia is not a common case in the literature. The cause of this pathological change is not completely known. The development of hyperplasia may also be associated with a genetic mutation in the gingival soft tissue or gingival injury. We present a case of a 47-year-old patient who developed a formation that manifested bilaterally in the hard palate. After the excision, there were no histological elements in the material that indicated aggressive behavior of the formation. The clinical and histological diagnosis was the bilateral symmetrical palate hyperplasia, which is a very rare condition.Bilateralna simetrična fibrozna hiperplazija nepca nije često opisana u literaturi. Uzrok te patološke promjene nije u cijelosti poznat. Razvoj hiperplazije može također biti povezan s genetskom mutacijom mekoga tkiva gingive ili njezinom ozljedom. Opisujemo slučaj 47-godišnjeg pacijenta koji je razvio formaciju koja se obostrano očitovala u tvrdom nepcu. Nakon izrezivanja u tkivu nije bilo histoloških elemenata koji bi upućivali na agresivno ponašanje tvorbe. Klinička i histološka dijagnoza formacije t vrlo je rijetka obostrana simetrična hiperplazija nepca

Oral Hygiene and Gingival Health in Patients with Temporarily Fixed Bridges

Svrha je ovog istraživanja bila usporediti oralnu higijenu i stanje gingive u kontrolne skupine (studenti stomatološkog fakulteta, n=20) i u pacijenata (n=137) s novim, privremeno cementiranim mostovima. Također se željelo ispitati postoji li razlika u oralnoj higijeni između oralne i vestibularne strane mosta i postoji li razlika u oralnoj higijeni i stanju gingive između nosača mosta i homolognih zuba. Grupa pacijenata dobila je detaljne upute o načinu održavanja higijene mosta, mostovi su cementirani privremeno i pregledani nakon 14 dana. Stupanj oralne higijene i stanje gingive bodovano je prema plak i gingiv- nom indeksu autora Silnessa i Löe. Kontrolna skupina provodila je zadovoljavajuću oralnu higijenu i imala zadovoljavajuće stanje gingive, za razliku od pacijenata. U pacijenata je zabiljezen značajno veći stupanj plaka na oralnoj i gingivnoj strani mosta nego na vestibular- noj (p0,05). Na osnovi dobivenih rezultata zaključeno je da je potrebno provoditi dodatne napore u objašnjavanju važnosti i prikladnih načina održavanja oralne higijene kada su u ustima prisutni fiksni protetski radovi.The aim of this study was to compare oral hygiene and the state of gingiva in the control group (students of a dental school) and the patients with new, temporarily fixed bridges (n=137). The aim was also to compare the hygiene of the vestibular and gingivo-oral side of the bridges, as well as the plaque and gingival scores on the abutments and homologous teeth. All the patients were given detailed instructions on how to maintain oral hygiene with bridges and then the bridges were fixed temporarily and examined after a period of 14 days. Oral hygiene and gingival state were scored according to Sillness & L(e indices. The control group maintained a proper oral hygiene and had a healthy gingiva, opposite to the patients. Significantly higher plaque index (p0,05). Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that additional effort is necessary in emphasising the importance and the methods of maintaining a proper oral hygiene in patients with fixed prost- hodontic appliances

Otkrivanje Bakerove ciste: Ultrazvučna dijagnostika (duplex scan) u izvanbolničkim uvjetima

Popliteal cyst, also called Baker’s cyst, is a popliteal fossa enlargement filled with synovial fluid. Baker’s cysts can be symptomatic and cause considerable pathologies such as thrombophlebitis, compartment syndrome and even nerve entrapment. It is the most common nonvascular pathology seen in the popliteal fossa but clinically indistinguishable from deep vein thrombosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate venous duplex scanning in detecting and distinguishing complicated Baker’s cyst and deep vein thrombosis in outpatient setting. Medical records of all patients undergoing venous duplex scanning during 2008 and 2009 to rule out deep vein thrombosis were reviewed. Ten patients having undergone ultrasonography examination were found to have complicated Baker’s cyst. Baker’s cysts are a rather common condition. When presenting with swollen and painful calf, it is impossible to differentiate it from deep vein thrombosis by simple clinical examination. Venous duplex scanning of lower extremity was found to be a useful imaging modality for detection of Baker’s cysts, deep vein thrombosis and associated pathology.Poplitealna cista poznata i kao Bakerova cista je tvorba ispunjena sinovijskom tekućinom i smještena u poplitealnoj jami. Ona može biti simptomatska i prouzročiti ozbiljne poremećaje kao što su tromboflebitis, sindrom fascijalnih prostora i neuropatiju uslijed kompresije živca. To je najčešća nevaskularna tvorba u zakoljenoj jami i katkada ju je klinički nemoguće razlikovati od duboke venske tromboze. Cilj ove studije bio je procijeniti vrijednost ultrazvučne dijagnostike(duplex scan) u otkrivanju i razlikovanju komplicirane Bakerove ciste i duboke venske tromboze u ambulantnim uvjetima. Analizirala se medicinska dokumentacija bolesnika koju su u posljednje dvije godine (2008. i 2009.) bili podvrgnuti duplexultrasonogafiji kako bi se isključila duboka venska tromboza. Komplicirana Bakerova cista je utvrđena u desetoro bolesnika. Bakerova cista je prilično česta tvorba i kada se očituje otečenom i bolnom potkoljenicom nemoguće ju je običnim kliničkim pregledom sa sigurnošću razlikovati od duboke venske tromboze. Ultrasonografija metodom duplex scan je koristan modalitetet za otkrivanje Bakerove ciste, duboke venske tromboze i pridružene patologije

Subfascijalna endoskopska kirurgija perforantnih vena (SEPS): tehnika i naša stajališta

Chronic venous insufficiency is a major health and socioeconomic issue throughout the world. Some 2%-5% of the adult population suffers from chronic venous insufficiency, while about 1% of the European population has chronic leg ulceration. The role of retrograde blood flow through incompetent perforating veins has an important role in the development of chronic venous insufficiency. Duplex ultrasound imaging is the preferred diagnostic tool, which is used to confirm the presence of bidirectional flow through the perforators adjacent to the areas of lipodermatosclerosis, healed ulcers and open ulcerations, i.e. in patients with chronic venous insufficiency CEAP class 4, 5 and 6. Subfascial endoscopic perforating vein surgery (SEPS) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure, which is the treatment of choice in these patients. The endoscope and surgical instruments are introduced through skin incisions that are distant from the areas of skin changes. The perforating veins are excellently visualized, while clipping and dividing the perforators interrupt retrograde blood flow. In patients with insufficiency of the superficial venous system, ligation and stripping of the superficial veins are usually performed at the same time. The lesser saphenous vein can be occluded with SEPS itself. The healing time with SEPS is substantially decreased when compared with conventional treatment and carries low complication and recurrence rates. However, SEPS should be offered to selected patients, i.e. to those with chronic venous insufficiency CEAP class 4, 5 and 6.Kronična venska insuficijencija predstavlja značajan zdravstveni i socioekonomski problem u cijelom svijetu. Oko 2% do 5% odrasle populacije ima kroničnu vensku insuficijenciju, a oko 1% europske populacije ima kronične venske ulceracije. Za razvoj kronične venske insuficijencije važna je uloga retrogradnog protoka krvi kroz nekompetentne perforantne vene. Dupleks ultrazvučni prikaz je dijagnostičko sredstvo izbora kojim se potvrđuje prisutnost dvosmjernog protoka kroz perforatore koji se nalaze uz mjesta lipodermatoskleroze, zacijeljenih ili otvorenih ulceracija, tj. kod bolesnika s kroničnom venskom insuficijencijom 4., 5. i 6. CEAP razreda. Subfascijalna endoskopska kirurgija perforantnih vena (SEPS) je minimalno invazivni kirurški postupak koji predstavlja metodu izbora kod ovih bolesnika. Endoskop i kirurški instrument se uvode kroz rezove na koži, koji su udaljeni u odnosu na kožne promjene. Perforantne vene se odlično prikazuju, te se njihovim "klipsanjem" i presijecanjem uklanja retrogradni protok krvi. Kod bolesnika s insuficijentnim površinskim venskim sustavom se u istom aktu učini i podvezivanje, kao i odstranjivanje površinskih vena. Vena saphena parva se može okludirati i samim SEPS-om. Vrijeme cijeljenja kod SEPS-a znatno je kraće u odnosu na klasično liječenje i praćeno je niskim stopama komplikacija i recidiva. Ipak, SEPS bi se trebao indicirati samo u određenih bolesnika, tj. onih s kroničnom venskom insuficijencijom 4., 5. i 6. CEAP razreda