28 research outputs found

    Severe depression is associated with increased microglial quinolinic acid in subregions of the anterior cingulate gyrus: evidence for an immune-modulated glutamatergic neurotransmission? (vol 8 pg 94, 2011)

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    RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are.AbstractN/

    Severe depression is associated with increased microglial quinolinic acid in subregions of the anterior cingulate gyrus: evidence for an immune-modulated glutamatergic neurotransmission?

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    RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are.BACKGROUND: Immune dysfunction, including monocytosis and increased blood levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor 伪 has been observed during acute episodes of major depression. These peripheral immune processes may be accompanied by microglial activation in subregions of the anterior cingulate cortex where depression-associated alterations of glutamatergic neurotransmission have been described. METHODS: Microglial immunoreactivity of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor agonist quinolinic acid (QUIN) in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC), anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) of 12 acutely depressed suicidal patients (major depressive disorder/MDD, n = 7; bipolar disorder/BD, n = 5) was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and compared with its expression in 10 healthy control subjects. RESULTS: Depressed patients had a significantly increased density of QUIN-positive cells in the sACC (P = 0.003) and the aMCC (P = 0.015) compared to controls. In contrast, counts of QUIN-positive cells in the pACC did not differ between the groups (P = 0.558). Post-hoc tests showed that significant findings were attributed to MDD and were absent in BD. CONCLUSIONS: These results add a novel link to the immune hypothesis of depression by providing evidence for an upregulation of microglial QUIN in brain regions known to be responsive to infusion of NMDA antagonists such as ketamine. Further work in this area could lead to a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of depressive disorders and pave the way for novel NMDA receptor therapies or immune-modulating strategies.Peer Reviewe

    Reasons for derecruitment: the impact of certain aspects on employees' decisions.

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    Derekrutacja jest jednym z kluczowych element贸w zarz膮dzania zasobami ludzkimi. Odej艣cia pracownik贸w z organizacji mog膮 by膰 inicjowane ze strony przedsi臋biorstwa jak i samego zatrudnionego. Prawid艂owo przeprowadzony proces derekrutacji pozwala na usprawnienie i poprawienie konkurencyjno艣ci przedsi臋biorstwa.Pracownik mo偶e podj膮膰 decyzj臋 o odej艣ciu z organizacji pod wp艂ywem pewnych zdarze艅, zachowa艅 lub czynnik贸w. Mog膮 one dotyczy膰 warunk贸w fizycznych lub psychicznych pracy, aspekt贸w organizacyjnych, strukturalnych oraz osobistych. W analizie wynik贸w przeprowadzonych bada艅 uwzgl臋dniono r贸偶nice w odpowiedziach pod wzgl臋dem p艂ci oraz wieku respondent贸w. Przy walidacji badanych aspekt贸w zauwa偶alne by艂y rozbie偶no艣ci w ocenie ich istotno艣ci przy podejmowaniu decyzji o odej艣ciu z pracy w podziale na p艂e膰 ankietowanych. Surowsze w swoich odpowiedziach by艂y kobiety. Aspektem, kt贸ry uzyska艂 najwy偶sz膮 艣redni膮 odpowiedzi ze wszystkich analizowanych by艂y warunki psychiczne pracy.Derecruitment is one of the key elements of human resource management. Departures of employees from the organization can be initiated by the company and the employee himself. A properly conducted derecruitment process allows for the streamlining and improvement of the company's competitiveness.An employee may decide to leave the organization due to certain events, behaviors, or factors. They may concern physical or mental conditions of work, organizational, structural, and personal aspects. In the analysis of the results of collected data, differences in responses in terms of gender and age of the respondents were considered. When validating the examined aspects, discrepancies in the assessment of their significance were noticeable when deciding to leave work, broken down by gender of the respondents. Women were stricter in their responses. The aspect with the highest average response from all the respondents was the mental working conditions

    Generational diversity and motivators

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    Odpowiednie motywowanie pracownik贸w nale偶y do kluczowych zada艅 os贸b zarz膮dzaj膮cych zasobami ludzkimi. Utrzymanie najbardziej warto艣ciowych pracownik贸w i nap艂yw nowych talent贸w ma kluczowe znacznie w przetrwaniu organizacji. Firmy posiadaj膮 szeroki wachlarz motywator贸w: finansowych oraz pozafinansowych. Bardzo wa偶n膮 kwesti膮 pozostaje odpowiedni dob贸r benefit贸w do os贸b zatrudnionych.Jednym z istotnych czynnik贸w rozr贸偶niaj膮cym pracownik贸w jest ich wiek. Osoby nale偶膮ce do r贸偶nych pokole艅 wychowa艂y si臋 w odmiennych warunkach demograficznych, historycznych, kulturowych. Dlatego w badaniu podzielono ankietowanych ze wzgl臋du na wiek (generacje), aby wykaza膰 skuteczno艣膰 podanych w ankiecie motywator贸w w danym pokoleniu. Przy walidacji motywator贸w, zauwa偶alne by艂y r贸偶nice mi臋dzy generacjami a istotno艣ci膮 benefit贸w. Pokolenie Z i pokolenie Y najlepiej ocenia艂y benefity finansowe, natomiast dla pokolenia X, kluczowy by艂 dost臋p do prywatnej opieki zdrowotnej.Proper employee motivation is one of the key tasks of human resource managers. Retaining the most valuable employees and influx of new talent is crucial to the survival of the organization. The companies have a wide range of motivators: financial and non-financial. The right choice of benefits for employees remains an especially important issue.One important factor differentiating employees is their age. People belonging to different generations grew up in different demographic, historical and cultural conditions. Therefore, the survey divided respondents according to age (generations) to demonstrate the effectiveness of the motivators given in the survey in each generation. When validating motivators, there were noticeable differences between generations and the significance of benefits. Generation Z and generation Y rated financial benefits best, while for generation X, access to private healthcare was key
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