1,423 research outputs found
Apparent digestibility and protein quality evaluation of selected feed ingredients in Seriola dumerili
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Tomas-Vidal, A., Monge-Ortiz, Raquel, Jover Cerda, Miguel, Martínez-Llorens, Silvia. (2019). Apparent digestibility and protein quality evaluation of selected feed ingredients in Seriola dumerili.Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, null. DOI: 10.1111/jwas.12597, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12597. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude
protein, crude lipid, and amino acids in fish, krill, squid, meat, defatted
krill, soybean, wheat gluten, wheat, camilina, pea, sunflower, and fava
bean meals were determined for juvenile Seriola dumerili. The results
showed that the ADC of dry matter for yellowtail ranged from 57.7
to 87.2% for animal ingredients and from 42.2 to 82.2% for plant
ingredients. An ADC of protein exceeding 90% was observed in fishmeal,
while camilina meal and fava bean meal presented the lowest
values. Pea meal presented the lowest lipid ADC (83.5%). The availabilities
were generally higher in animal ingredients than those in
vegetal ones. Except camilina and fava bean meal, the other ingredients
appear to be favorable for S. dumerili diets, especially the ones
from animal sources. Lower case chemical score values (minimum
value from amino acid ratios [AARs]) were obtained in some vegetal
ingredients (14¿18%), while the highest ones were observed in
marine ingredients (69¿88%). According to Oser's Index, the most
balanced protein for yellowtail with regard to essential amino acids
was in krill, defatted krill, and fishmeal (92¿96%). So, animal sources
are suitable as protein ingredients, but they could be enhanced
through some essential amino acid supplementation.This project was financed by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (reference AGL2011-30547-C03).Tomas-Vidal, A.; Monge-Ortiz, R.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2019). Apparent digestibility and protein quality evaluation of selected feed ingredients in Seriola dumerili. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12597
Nutritional value of four pest animals to be used in feeding monogastric organisms
[ES] Las muestras de animales plagas fueron colectadas, secadas y molidas. Estas fueron analizadas
para determinar su contenido en proteína, cenizas y aminoácidos. Los análisis bromatológicos
mostraron que Achatina fulica y Pieris brassica, contienen más proteína bruta, (PB) (779.2 y
812.2 g/kg) en comparación a Phyllophaga spp. y Spodoptera frugierda (432. 5 y 445.7 g/
kg). Comparando el perfil de aminoácidos, A. fulica y P. brassica obtuvieron los niveles más altos
en la mayoría de los amino ácidos esenciales (AAE) que la torta de soya y en el caso de A. fulica,
éste exhibió valores más altos que la harina de pescado en arginina, cisteina, glicina, serina y
tirosina. Observando la relación de AAE/AANE (amino ácidos no esenciales) en las harinas,
sólo S. frugiperda presentó valores similares a la harina de pescado (0.85). Todas las harinas de
animales plagas presentaron una reducción en la cuantificación de amino ácidos en relación con
los valores de PB obtenidos por el método de Kjeldahl, esta reducción se encontraba entre 28.6
y 38.0%. Esta disminución podría deberse a la combinación entre la proteína y la quitina que
se encuentran en el cuerpo de los insectos. A pesar de esta reducción la cuantificación de amino
ácidos de los animales plagas podría ser una buena alternativa para su uso en la alimentación
de monogástricos, especialmente para peces y crustáceos.[EN] The pest samples were collected, dried, and grounded. They were analysed to determinate contain
of protein, energy, ashes and amino acids. The bromatological analysis showed that Achatina fulica and
Pieris brassica, obtained a higher amount of crude protein (CP) (779.2 and 812.2 g/kg) in comparison
to Phyllophaga spp. and Spodoptera frugiperda (432.5 and 455.7 g/kg). Comparing the amino acids
profile, A. fulica and P. brassica obtained higher values in most of the essential amino acids (EAA) than
soybean meal, and A. fulica exhibited even higher values than fish meal (FM) in Arginine, Cysteine, Glycine,
Serine, and Tyrosine. Observing the relation of EAA/NEEA (no essential amino acids) in all the meals
only S. frugiperda presented a similar value to fish meal (0.85). All the pest meals presented a reduction
in the amino acids quantification in comparison to the CP values obtained by the Kjeldahl method, with
reduction between 28.6 through 38.0%. This diminution could be due to the linkage of the protein to the
chitin content of the insect body. In spite of the reduction of the amino acids quantification, the pest meals
could be an alternative in feeding monogastric organisms, especially fish and crustaceans.To the Polytechnic University of Valencia for it support.Nogales Mérida, S.; Velazco Vargas, JL.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2018). Nutritional value of four pest animals to be used in feeding monogastric organisms. Archivos de Zootecnia. 67(258):278-282. https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v67i258.3664S2782826725
Evaluation of soybean meal as protein source for Argyrosomus Regius (Asso, 1801) (Sciaenidae)
[EN] The meagre (Argyrosomus regius) is a carnivorous fish which requires diets with higher protein
content, causing an increment in diets cost. A way to diminish this cost is to use vegetable meals like
soybean meal (SB). So the aim of this trial was to determine the optimum inclusion level of defatted
soybean meal in experimental diets for this species. 800 fishes (165 g) were distributed in 8 tanks, two
replicates per treatment. Four isoproteic (50% CP) and isolipidic (17% Cl) diets were formulated with
four levels of soybean meal inclusion, 0, 15, 30 and 45%. The trial lasted 107 days. Meagre fed diets 15
and 30% obtained the highest final weight. There were no significant differences among treatments in
the feed conversion rate (FCR) and the protein efficiency (PER). According to the quadratic regression,
the optimum SB inclusion to maximize thermal growth coefficient (TGC) was 26.4% and for FCR was
27.6%. No significant differences were observed in energy, protein and amino acid retention among
diets. The inclusion of SB in meagre diets can generate a decrease in the use of fish meal and in turn
reduce the cost of producing meagre Mediterranean aquaculture industry.Velazco Vargas, JL.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Jover Cerda, M.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2013). Evaluation of soybean meal as protein source for Argyrosomus Regius (Asso, 1801) (Sciaenidae). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture. 5(3):25-44. doi:10.5897/IJFA12.062S25445
Successful inclusion of high vegetable protein sources in feed for rainbow trout without decrement in intestinal health
[EN] A reduction in fishmeal in diets is essential to achieve the aim of sustainable production. In the current work, using a plant protein blend of wheat gluten, wheat and soybean meal supplemented with Tau, Val, Lys and Met, a 10% higher fishmeal substitution without affecting growth and health parameters has been accomplished. The aquaculture of carnivorous fish is in continuous expansion, which leads to the need to reduce the dependence on fishmeal (FM). Plant proteins (PP) represent a suitable protein alternative to FM and are increasingly used in fish feed. However, PP may lead to stunted growth and enteritis. In the current study, the effect of high FM substitution by PP sources on the growth, mortality and intestinal health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was evaluated in terms of the histological intestine parameters and expression of genes related to inflammation (IL-1 beta, IL-8 and TGF-beta) and immune responses (Transferrin, IgT and IFN-gamma). The results show that a total substitution registered lower growth and survival rates, probably due to a disruption to the animal's health. Confirming this hypothesis, fish fed FM0 showed histological changes in the intestine and gene changes related to inflammatory responses, which in the long-term could have triggered an immunosuppression. The FM10 diet presented not only a similar expression to FM20 (control diet), but also similar growth and survival. Therefore, 90% of FM substitution was demonstrated as being feasible in this species using a PP blend of wheat gluten (WG) and soybean meal (SBM) as a protein source.Vélez-Calabria, G.; Peñaranda, D.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2021). Successful inclusion of high vegetable protein sources in feed for rainbow trout without decrement in intestinal health. Animals. 11(12):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123577S118111
Enhancement of quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) flesh incorporating barley on diet without negative effect on rearing parameters
[EN] Barley concentrations ranging from 0 to 32% (0B, 40B, 80B, 160B, and 319B) were incorporated into rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) diets. The experiment started with an initial average fish weight of 127.72 +/- 5.65 g and finished when they reached commercial weight (final weight between 312 and 330 g) after 84 days. The inclusion of barley in the diets did not show a significant effect on growth and biometric parameters, fat and carbohydrate digestibilities; however, protein digestibility decreased significantly with the incorporation of barley on diets. Glucose levels increased significantly with barley concentration in the diet, and lactate and cortisol levels were also significantly affected after a stress period regardless of the diet. Meat quality was influenced as well by barley concentration. Lower water activity values and an enhancement in textural and color properties were observed in fish fed with the diet containing the highest barley concentration. Trout fed feed with higher concentrations of barley (160B) showed lower lipid oxidation levels than those fed with lower concentrations (control and 40B). The sensory panel found that fish fed with diets higher than 8% in barley content (80B) exhibited a brighter red color in the gills and a better texture; also, meat color became redder with a higher barley inclusion (160B and 319B), being all these sensory parameters correlated with fish freshness. Thus, results indicate that barley can be substituted for wheat fraction without any detrimental effect on production efficiency and enhancing fish quality.This work has been co-funded with FEDER and INIA funds. The authors thanks Dr. Francisco Ciudad Bautista for providing barley variety obtained in ITACyL, IRTA, EEDF-CSIC, ITAP, and INIA (1FD97-0792 and RTA2006-00020-C04). Julia Pinedo has been granted with the FPI-INIA grant number 21 (call 2012, BOE-2012-13337).Pinedo-Gil, J.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Larrán-García, AM.; Tomas-Almenar, C.; Jover Cerda, M.; Sanz-Calvo, M.; Martín-Diana, A. (2017). Enhancement of quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) flesh incorporating barley on diet without negative effect on rearing parameters. Aquaculture International. 25(3):1005-1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-0091-010051023253A.O.A.C., Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990) Official methods of analysis, 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington 1298 ppAi Q, Mai K, Zhang L, Tan B, Zhang W, Xu W, Li H (2007) Effects of dietary β-1,3- glucan on innate immune response on large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. Fish Shellfish Immun 22:394–402APROMAR 2014 La acuicultura en España 2013. Report by the Spanish Association of marine Aquaculture (APROMAR) and the Spanish Association of Freshwater Aquaculture (ESCUA). Available at: http://www.apromar.es/content/la-acuicultura-en-españa-2014Asghari M, Shabanpour B, Pakravan S (2014) Evaluation of some qualitative variations in frozen fillets of beluga (Huso huso) fed by different carbohydrate to lipid ratios. J Food Sci Tech 51(3):430–439Atkinson JL, Hilton JW, Slinger SJ (1984) Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as an indicator of feed digestibility in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41:1384–1386Caballero MJ, Obach A, Rosenlund G, Montero D, Gisvold M, Izquierdo MS (2002) Impact of different dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid digestibility, tissue fatty acid composition and histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 214:253–271Casas C, Martinez O, Guillen MD, Pin C, Salmeron J (2006) Textural properties of raw Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at three points along the fillet, determined by different methods. Food Control 17:511–515Chang C-F, Su M-S, Chen H-Y, Liao I-C (2003) Dietary β-1,3-glucan effectively improves immunity and survival of Penaeus monodon challenged with white spot syndrome virus. Fish Shellfish Immun 15:297–310Cheng ZJ, Hardy RW (2002) Effect of microbial phytase on apparent nutrient digestibility of barley, canola meal, wheat and wheat middlings, measured in vivo using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac Nutr 8:271–277Cheng ZJ, Hardy RW (2003) Effects of extrusion processing of feed ingredients on apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac Nutr 9:77–83Cho CY, Slinger SJ, Bayley HS (1982) Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comp Biochem Physiol 73B:25–41Couto A, Peres H, Oliva-Teles A, Enes P (2016) Screening of nutrient digestibility, glycaemic response and gust morphology alterations in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed whole cereal meals. Aquaculture 450:31–37Dalmo RA, Bøgwald J (2008) Β-Glucans as conductors of immune symplhonies. Review. Fish Shellfish Immun 25:384–396Flores-Quintana C (2002) Respuestas neuroendocrinas al estrés en peces teleósteos. Rev ictiol 10(1/2):57–78García-Riera MP, Hemre G-I (1996) Effect of adaptation to three different levels of dietary carbohydrates on the incorporation of 14C-glucose in several organs of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglosus hippoglossus). Aquac Res 27:565–571Gatlin DM, Barrows F, Brown P, Dabrowski K, Gaylord TG, Hardy RW, Herman E, Hu G, Krogdahl Å, Nelson R, Overturf K, Rust M, Sealey W, Skonberg D, Souza EJ, Stone D, Wilson R, Wurtele E (2007) Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review. Aquac Res 38:551–579Gaylord TG, Barrows FT, Rawles SD, Liu K, Bregitzer P, Hang A, Obert DE, Morris C (2009) Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy in extruded diets from cultivars of barley and wheat selected for nutritional quality in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquac Nutr 15:306–312Ghaedi G, Keyvanshokooh S, Azarm HM, Akhlaghi M (2015) Effects of dietary β-glucan on maternal immunity and fry quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 441:78–83Grisdale-Helland B, Helland SJ (1997) Replacemente of protein by fat and carbohydrate in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at the end of the freshwater stage. Aquaculture 152:167–180Gu M, Ma H, Mai K, Zhang W, Bai N, Wang X (2011) Effects of dietary β-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide and their combinations on growth performance, immunity and resistance against Vibrio splendidus of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immun 31:303–309Hai NV, Fotedar R (2009) Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos® and β-1,3-D-glucan) and the customized probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P. aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus kishinouye, 1896). Aquaculture 289:310–316Heidarieh M, Mivaghefi AR, Akbari A, Sheikhzadeh N, Kamyabi-Moghaddam Z, Askari H, Shahbazfar AA (2012) Evaluation of Hilyses™, fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth performance, enzymatic activities and gastrointestinal structure. Aquac Nutr 19:343–348. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2012.00973.xHemre G-I (1992) Studies on carbohydrate nutrition in Cod (Gadus morhua). Dr. scientiarum Thesis. Institute of Nutrition, University of Bergen, NorwayHemre G-I, Krogdahl Å (1996) The effect of handling and fish size on the secondary changes in carbohydrate metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquac Nutr 2:249–252Hemre G-I, Mommsen TP, Krogdahl Å (2002) Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: effects on growth, glucose metabolism and hepatic enzymes. Aquac Nutr 8:175–194Hixson SM (2014) Fish nutrition and current issues in aquaculture: the balance in providing safe and nutritious seafood, in an environmentally sustainable manner. J Aquac Res Dev 5:234. doi: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000234ISO 8586-1:2001 (2001) Sensory analysis—general guidance for the selection, training and monitoring of assessors—part 1: selected assessors (International Organization for Standardization)ISO 8586-2: 2008 (2008) Sensory analysis—general guidance for the selection, training and monitoring of assessors—part 2: expert sensory assessors (International Organization for Standardization)ISO 8589: 2007 (2007) Sensory analysis—general guidance for the design of test rooms (International Organization for Standardization)Jeney G, Galeotti M, Volpatti D, Anderson DP (1997) Prevention of stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets containing different doses of glucan. Aquaculture 154:1–15Kaplan LA, Pesce AJ (1984) Clinical chemistry: theory, analysis, and correlation. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 1032–1036Krogdahl Å, Sundby A, Olli JJ (2004) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) digest and metabolize nutrients differently. Effects of water salinity and dietary starch level. Aquaculture 229:335–360Krogdahl Å, Hemre GI, Mommsen TP (2005) Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: digestion and absorption in postlarval stages. Aquac Nutr 11:103–122Kumar V, Sinha AK, Makkar HPS, De Boeck G, Becker K (2012) Phytate and phytase in fish nutrition. Review article. J Anim Physiol An N 96:335–364Lakshmanan PT (2000) Fish spoilage and quality assessment. In: Lyre TSG, Kandoran MK, Thomas M, Mathew PT (eds) Quality assurance in seafood processing. Society Fisher Techno (India), Cochin, pp 26–40Lazaridou A, Biliaderis CG (2007) Molecular aspects of cereal β-glucan functionality: physical properties, technological applications and physiological effects. J Cereal Sci 46:101–118Lin S, Pan Y, Luo L, Luo L (2011) Effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan, chitosan or raffinose on the growth, innate immunity and resistance of loi (Cyprinus carpio koi). Fish Shellfish Immun 31:788–794Lokesh J, Fernandes JMO, Korsnes K, Bergh Ø, Brinchmann MF (2012) Transcriptional regulation of cytokines in the intestine of Atlantic cod fed yeast derived mannan oligosaccharide or β-glucan and challenged with Vibrio anguillarum. Fish Shellfish Immun 33:626–631MAGRAMA. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (2015) Gobierno de España. Available at: http://www.mapama.gob.es/es/pesca/temas/acuicultura/produccion-de-acuicultura/default.aspxMartinsdóttir E, Sveinsdóttir K, Luten J, Schelvis-Smit R, Hyldig G (2001) La evaluación sensorial de la frescura del pescado. Manual de referencia para el sector pesquero. Icelandic Fisheries Laboratories. Available at: QIM Eurofish. URL http://qim-eurofish.comMeena DK, Das P, Kumar S, Mandal SC, Prusty AK, Singh SK, Akhtar MS, Behera BK, Kumar K, Pal AK, Mukherjee SC (2013) Beta-glucan: an ideal immunostimulant in aquaculture. Fish Physiol Biochem 39:431–457Mommsen TP, Vijayan MM, Moon TW (1999) Cortisol in teleosts: dynamics, mechanisms of action and metabolic regulation. Rev Fish Biol Fisher 9:211–268Morken T, Kraugerud OF, Barrows FT, Sørensen M, Storebakken T, Øverland M (2011) Sodium diformate and extrusion temperature affect nutrient digestibility and physical quality of diets with fish meal and barley protein concentrate for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 317:138–145Ortiz J, Lemus-Mondaca R, Vega-Gálvez A, Ah-hen K, Puente-Díaz L, Zura-Bravo L, Aubourg S (2013) Influence of air-drying temperature on drying kinetics, colour, firmness and biochemical characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets. Food Chem 139:162–169Overturf K, Raboy V, Cheng ZJ, Hardy RW (2003) Mineral availability from barley low phytic acid grains in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets. Aquac Nutr 9:239–246Popelka M, Marcinčák S, Maskal’ová I, Guothová L, Čertík M (2014) Comparison of the chemical composition and nutritional values of fresh and frozen rainbow trout. Slov Vet Res 51(2):73–80Pratoomyot J, Bendiksen EÅ, Bell JG, Tocher DR (2010) Effects of increasing replacement of dietary fishmeal with plant protein sources on growth performance and body lipid composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 305:124–132Sealey WM, Barrows FT, Hang A, Johansen KA, Overturf K, LaPatra SE, Hardy RW (2008) Evaluation of the ability of barley genotypes containing different amounts of β-glucan to alter growth and disease resistance of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Anim Feed Sci Tech 141:115–128Skrede G, Storebakken T, Skrede A, Sahlstrøm S, Sørensen M, Shearer KD, Slinde E (2002) Lactic acid fermentation of wheat and barley whole meal flours improves digestibility of nutrients and energy in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) diets. Aquaculture 210:305–321Stone DAJ (2003) Dietary carbohydrate utilization by fish. Rev Fish Sci 11(4):337–369Storebakken T, Shearer KD, Refstie S, Lagocki S, McCool J (1998) Interactions between salinity, dietary carbohydrate source and carbohydrate concentration on the digestibility of macronutrients and energy in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 163:347–359Thomas L (Hrsg.) (1992) Labor und Diagnose, 4. Auflage. Marburg; Die MedizinischeVerlagsgesellschaftValente LMP, Rema P, Ferraro V, Pintado M, Sousa-Pinto I, Cunha LM, Oliveira MB, Araújo M (2015) Iodine enrichment of rainbow trout flesh by dietary supplementation with the red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla. Aquaculture 446:132–139Vyncke W (1975) Evaluation of the direct thiobarbituric acid extraction method for determining oxidative rancidity in mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.). Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 77(6):239–240Walton MJ (1986) Metabolic effects of feeding a high protein/low carbohydrate diet as compared to a low protein/high carbohydrate diet in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Fish Physiol Biochem 1(1):7–15Xu Y, Liu Y, Zhang C, Li X, Yi S, Li J (2015) Physicochemical responses and quality changes of turbot (Psetta maxima) during refrigerated storage. Int J Food Prop. doi: 10.1080/1094.2912.2015.1022260. In pressYildiz M (2004) The study of fillet quality and the growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed with diets containing different amounts of vitamin E. Turk J Fish Aquat Sc 4:81–8
Protein and energy requirements for maintenance and growth in juvenile meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso,1801) (Sciaenidae)
[EN] The meagre is a fish species of recent interest in aquaculture, because of its fast growth and flesh quality. Nevertheless, it hasn't been studied enough, and feed producers do not have enough information about the nutrient requirements to optimize the feed diets of the meagre. This study measures the growth response of this fish to several amounts of food and gives information about the proportion of protein and energy that should be included in its diet, as well as the recommended amount of food to optimize its growth.
The meagre is a carnivorous species and might be a suitable candidate species for the diversification of aquaculture in the Mediterranean region. This is based on its high growth and flesh quality. Nevertheless, there is little information available about its growth rates and nutrient requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the protein and energy requirements of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Two trials for different weights of 53 and 188 g were conducted with rations from starvation to apparent satiation with the scope of studying its nutritional needs. In the first trial, the initial mean body weight of the fish was 53 g, and they were fed at feeding rates, measured as a percentage of the body weight, of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5%, with two replicates per treatment. In a second trial, another group with approximately 188 g of initial body weight was fed at feeding rates of 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5%, with two replicates per treatment. The optimum thermal growth coefficient was obtained with a feed intake of 2.2% day(-1) in trial A and 1.73% day(-1) in trial B. The digestible protein (DP) intake for maintenance was determined as 0.57 g kg(-0.7) day(-1), the DP intake for maximum growth was 6.0 g kg(-0.7) day(-1), and the point for maximum efficiency in protein retention was 1.8 g kg(-0.7) day(-1). The requirement for digestible energy (DE) intake for maintenance was recorded at 25.4 kJ kg(-0.82) day(-1), the DE intake to maximize growth was 365 kJ kg(-0.82) day(-1), and the point for maximum efficiency in energy retention occurs with a digestible energy intake of 93 kJ kg(-0.82) day(-1). The requirements and retention efficiency of protein and energy in Argyrosomus regius tend to be within the range other fish species. The maintenance needs are in agreement with species with low voluntary activity and growth requirements in agreement with fast-growth species.This research was funded by grants from the Planes Nacionales de Acuicultura (JACUMAR) in Spain.Jauralde García, I.; Velazco-Vargas, J.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2021). Protein and energy requirements for maintenance and growth in juvenile meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso,1801) (Sciaenidae). Animals. 11(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010077S115111Chatzifotis, S., Panagiotidou, M., Papaioannou, N., Pavlidis, M., Nengas, I., & Mylonas, C. C. (2010). Effect of dietary lipid levels on growth, feed utilization, body composition and serum metabolites of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles. Aquaculture, 307(1-2), 65-70. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.07.002EL-Shebly, A. A., El-Kady, M. A. H., Hussin, A. B., & Hossain, M. Y. (2007). Preliminary Observations on the Pond Culture of Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) (Sciaenidae) in Egypt. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 2(5), 345-352. doi:10.3923/jfas.2007.345.352ESTÉVEZ, A., TREVIÑO, L., KOTZAMANIS, Y., KARACOSTAS, I., TORT, L., & GISBERT, E. (2010). Effects of different levels of plant proteins on the ongrowing of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles at low temperatures. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(2), e572-e582. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00798.xPoli, B. M., Parisi, G., Zampacavallo, G., Iurzan, F., Mecatti, M., Lupi, P., & Bonelli, A. (2003). Aquaculture International, 11(3), 301-311. doi:10.1023/a:1024840804303Roo, J., Hernández-Cruz, C. M., Borrero, C., Schuchardt, D., & Fernández-Palacios, H. (2010). Effect of larval density and feeding sequence on meagre (Argyrosomus regius; Asso, 1801) larval rearing. Aquaculture, 302(1-2), 82-88. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.02.015Chatzifotis, S., Panagiotidou, M., & Divanach, P. (2011). Effect of protein and lipid dietary levels on the growth of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Aquaculture International, 20(1), 91-98. doi:10.1007/s10499-011-9443-yAlvarez-González, C. ., Civera-Cerecedo, R., Ortiz-Galindo, J. ., Dumas, S., Moreno-Legorreta, M., & Grayeb-Del Alamo, T. (2001). Effect of dietary protein level on growth and body composition of juvenile spotted sand bass, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, fed practical diets. Aquaculture, 194(1-2), 151-159. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00512-3Chong, A. S. ., Ishak, S. D., Osman, Z., & Hashim, R. (2004). Effect of dietary protein level on the reproductive performance of female swordtails Xiphophorus helleri (Poeciliidae). Aquaculture, 234(1-4), 381-392. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.12.003El-Sayed, A.-F. M., & Kawanna, M. (2008). Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on spawning performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock in a recycling system. Aquaculture, 280(1-4), 179-184. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.04.030Lee, S.-M., Jeon, I. G., & Lee, J. Y. (2002). Effects of digestible protein and lipid levels in practical diets on growth, protein utilization and body composition of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Aquaculture, 211(1-4), 227-239. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00880-8Zhang, J., Zhou, F., Wang, L., Shao, Q., Xu, Z., & Xu, J. (2010). Dietary Protein Requirement of Juvenile Black Sea Bream, Sparus macrocephalus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41, 151-164. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00356.xTibbetts, S. M., Lall, S. P., & Anderson, D. M. (2000). Dietary protein requirement of juvenile American eel (Anguilla rostrata) fed practical diets. Aquaculture, 186(1-2), 145-155. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00363-4Kaushik, S. J., & Seiliez, I. (2010). Protein and amino acid nutrition and metabolism in fish: current knowledge and future needs. Aquaculture Research, 41(3), 322-332. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02174.xGunasekera, R. M., De Silva, S. S., Collins, R. A., Gooley, G., & Ingram, B. A. (2000). Effect of dietary protein level on growth and food utilization in juvenile Murray codMaccullochella peelii peelii(Mitchell). Aquaculture Research, 31(2), 181-187. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00417.xBooth, M. A., Allan, G. L., & Pirozzi, I. (2010). Estimation of digestible protein and energy requirements of yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi using a factorial approach. Aquaculture, 307(3-4), 247-259. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.07.019Jauralde, I., Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás, A., & Jover, M. (2016). Protein deposition and energy recovery in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): Evaluation of nutritional requirements. Aquaculture, 464, 65-73. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.06.006Lupatsch, I., Kissil, G. W., Sklan, D., & Pfeffer, E. (1998). Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata
L.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 4(3), 165-173. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00065.xLupatsch, Kissil, Sklan, & Pfeffer. (2001). Effects of varying dietary protein and energy supply on growth, body composition and protein utilization in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurataL.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 7(2), 71-80. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2001.00150.xPeres, H., & Oliva-Teles, A. (2005). Protein and Energy Metabolism of European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles and Estimation of Maintenance Requirements. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 31(1), 23-31. doi:10.1007/s10695-005-4586-2Lupatsch, I., & Kissil, G. W. (2005). Feed formulations based on energy and protein demands in white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus). Aquaculture, 248(1-4), 83-95. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.004Pirozzi, I., Booth, M. A., & Allan, G. L. (2008). Protein and energy utilization and the requirements for maintenance in juvenile mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 36(1), 109-121. doi:10.1007/s10695-008-9296-0McGoogan, B. B., & Gatlin, D. M. (1998). Metabolic Requirements of Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, for Protein and Energy Based on Weight Gain and Body Composition. The Journal of Nutrition, 128(1), 123-129. doi:10.1093/jn/128.1.123GLENCROSS, B. D. (2009). Reduced water oxygen levels affect maximal feed intake, but not protein or energy utilization efficiency of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(1), 1-8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00562.xGlencross, B., Hawkins, W., Evans, D., Rutherford, N., Dods, K., McCafferty, P., & Sipsas, S. (2007). Evaluation of the influence of drying process on the nutritional value of lupin protein concentrates when fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 265(1-4), 218-229. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.040Rodehutscord, M., & Pfeffer, E. (1999). Maintenance requirement for digestible energy and efficiency of utilisation of digestible energy for retention in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 179(1-4), 95-107. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00155-6Booth, M. A., & Allan, G. L. (2003). Utilization of digestible nitrogen and energy from four agricultural ingredients by juvenile silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(5), 317-326. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00259.xHatlen, B., Helland, S. J., & Grisdale-Helland, B. (2007). Energy and nitrogen partitioning in 250 g Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) given graded levels of feed with different protein and lipid content. Aquaculture, 270(1-4), 167-177. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.001GLENCROSS, B. D. (2008). A factorial growth and feed utilization model for barramundi,Lates calcariferbased on Australian production conditions. Aquaculture Nutrition, 14(4), 360-373. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00543.xHelland, S. J., Hatlen, B., & Grisdale-Helland, B. (2010). Energy, protein and amino acid requirements for maintenance and efficiency of utilization for growth of Atlantic salmon post-smolts determined using increasing ration levels. Aquaculture, 305(1-4), 150-158. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.04.013Fournier, V., Gouillou-Coustans, M. F., Métailler, R., Vachot, C., Guedes, M. J., Tulli, F., … Kaushik, S. J. (2002). Protein and arginine requirements for maintenance and nitrogen gain in four teleosts. British Journal of Nutrition, 87(5), 459-469. doi:10.1079/bjn2002564Bureau, D. P., Hua, K., & Cho, C. Y. (2006). Effect of feeding level on growth and nutrient deposition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) growing from 150 to 600 g. Aquaculture Research, 37(11), 1090-1098. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01532.xAtkinson, J. L., Hilton, J. W., & Slinger, S. J. (1984). Evaluation of Acid-Insoluble Ash as an Indicator of Feed Digestibility in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41(9), 1384-1386. doi:10.1139/f84-170Watanabe, K., Ura, K., Yada, T., Kiron, V., Satoh, S., & Watanabe, T. (2000). Energy and protein requirements of yellowtail for maximum growth and maintenance of body weight. Fisheries Science, 66(6), 1053-1061. doi:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2000.00168.xDumas, A., France, J., & Bureau, D. P. (2007). Evidence of three growth stanzas in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across life stages and adaptation of the thermal-unit growth coefficient. Aquaculture, 267(1-4), 139-146. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.041Jauralde, I., Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás, A., Ballestrazzi, R., & Jover, M. (2011). A proposal for modelling the thermal-unit growth coefficient and feed conversion ratio as functions of feeding rate for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata,L.) in summer conditions. Aquaculture Research, 44(2), 242-253. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03027.xMayer, P., Estruch, V. D., & Jover, M. (2012). A two-stage growth model for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) based on the thermal growth coefficient. Aquaculture, 358-359, 6-13. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.06.016Panettieri, V., Chatzifotis, S., Messina, C. M., Olivotto, I., Manuguerra, S., Randazzo, B., … Piccolo, G. (2020). Honey Bee Pollen in Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) Juvenile Diets: Effects on Growth, Diet Digestibility, Intestinal Traits, and Biochemical Markers Related to Health and Stress. Animals, 10(2), 231. doi:10.3390/ani10020231Knibb, W. (2000). Genetic improvement of marine fish - which method for industry? Aquaculture Research, 31(1), 11-23. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00393.xWatanabe, K., Hara, Y., Ura, K., Yada, T., Kiron, V., Satoh, S., & Watanabe, T. (2000). Energy and protein requirements for maximum growth and maintenance of bodyweight of yellowtail. Fisheries Science, 66(5), 884-893. doi:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2000.00143.xLupatsch, I., Kissil, G. W., & Sklan, D. (2001). Optimization of feeding regimes for European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax: a factorial approach. Aquaculture, 202(3-4), 289-302. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00779-7Arshad Hossain, M., Almatar, S. M., & James, C. M. (2010). Optimum Dietary Protein Level for Juvenile Silver Pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41(5), 710-720. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00413.xSandberg, F. B., Emmans, G. C., & Kyriazakis, I. (2005). Partitioning of limiting protein and energy in the growing pig: testing quantitative rules against experimental data. British Journal of Nutrition, 93(2), 213-224. doi:10.1079/bjn20041322Sánchez-Lozano, N. B., Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás-Vidal, A., & Cerdá, M. J. (2009). Effect of high-level fish meal replacement by pea and rice concentrate protein on growth, nutrient utilization and fillet quality in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.). Aquaculture, 298(1-2), 83-89. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.09.028SÁNCHEZ-LOZANO, N. B., MARTÍNEZ-LLORENS, S., TOMÁS-VIDAL, A., & JOVER CERDÁ, M. (2010). Amino acid retention of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) fed with pea protein concentrate. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(2), e604-e614. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00803.xHillestad, M., & Johnsen, F. (1994). High-energy/low-protein diets for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, nutrient retention and slaughter quality. Aquaculture, 124(1-4), 109-116. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(94)90366-2Shearer, K. D. (1994). Factors affecting the proximate composition of cultured fishes with emphasis on salmonids. Aquaculture, 119(1), 63-88. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(94)90444-
Effects of Eco-Organic Feed on Growth Performance, Biometric Indices, and Nutrient Retention of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)
[EN] This study examined how eco-organic feed affects the growth performance, nutrient efficiency, feed utilisation, and body composition of gilthead seabream. Six different diets were tested, including a control diet (CONT) without organic ingredients and four diets with 100% organic ingredients: trout (TRO), seabass (SBS), poultry (POU), and mix (MIX), along with a control organic diet (ORG) containing organic ingredients and 30% fishmeal. The experiment lasted 70 days, and the fish were fed twice a day, starting with an initial weight of 60.5 g. The results showed that the highest growth rates were observed in fish fed the ORG and CONT diets containing fishmeal. Conversely, the POU diet resulted in the lowest growth rate, survival rate, and highest value for feed conversion ratio (FCR). Almost all essential amino acid efficiency values were high in fish fed the ORG and CONT diets. Still, significant differences were noted in the retention efficiency of fatty acids across all diets. The retention efficiency was higher in the CONT diet, followed by the ORG diet. However, the economic conversion rate was lower for CONT, SBS, TRO, and MIX. Overall, using organic diets of animal origin impacted the growth performance of gilthead seabream, but it is still a promising approach.This project had been developed with the collaboration of the Biodiversity Foundation (Spanish Ministry for Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge), through the Pleamar Program, co-financed by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF). A full scholarship from the Ministry of Higher Education of the Arab Republic of Egypt funds the researcher Eslam TefalTefal, E.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Jauralde García, I.; Peñaranda, D.; Jover Cerda, M. (2023). Effects of Eco-Organic Feed on Growth Performance, Biometric Indices, and Nutrient Retention of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata). Sustainability. 15(14):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410750116151
Fish oil substitution by soybean oil in Diplodus puntazzo: Performance fatty acid profile and liver histology
[EN] The present study was performed to determine the effect of soybean oil on the performance and liver histology in sharpsnout sea bream. Four experimental diets were formulated containing 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of soybean oil substituting of fish oil. Fish weighing 35 g were fed for 84 days. Increasing the level of soybean oil had no significant effects on growth and feed efficiency parameters. Biometrics, body composition, protein- and energy- efficiency were not affected by the fish oil replacement. Muscle and liver fatty acids reflected fish oil substitution. Moreover, histology did not show statistical differences among treatments.This research was supported by grants from the Planes Nacionales de Acuicultura (JACUMAR) in Spain.Nogales Mérida, S.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Moñino López, AV.; Jover Cerda, M.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2017). Fish oil substitution by soybean oil in Diplodus puntazzo: Performance fatty acid profile and liver histology. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 29(1):46-61. doi:10.1080/10454438.2016.1274933S4661291Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 1990. Official methods of analysis, 15th ed., p. 1298. Arlington, VA: Author.Caballero, M. J., Izquierdo, M. S., Kjorsvik, E., Fernandez, A. J., & Rosenlund, G. (2004). Histological alterations in the liver of sea bream, Sparus aurata L., caused by short- or long-term feeding with vegetable oils. Recovery of normal morphology after feeding fish oil as the sole lipid source. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27(9), 531-541. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00572.xCaballero, M. ., Obach, A., Rosenlund, G., Montero, D., Gisvold, M., & Izquierdo, M. . (2002). Impact of different dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid digestibility, tissue fatty acid composition and histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 214(1-4), 253-271. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00852-3Glencross, B., Hawkins, W., & Curnow, J. (2003). Evaluation of canola oils as alternative lipid resources in diets for juvenile red seabream, Pagrus auratus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(5), 305-315. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00257.xGrisdale-Helland, B., Ruyter, B., Rosenlund, G., Obach, A., Helland, S. ., Sandberg, M. ., … Røsjø, C. (2002). Influence of high contents of dietary soybean oil on growth, feed utilization, tissue fatty acid composition, heart histology and standard oxygen consumption of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) raised at two temperatures. Aquaculture, 207(3-4), 311-329. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00743-8Izquierdo, M. S., Obach, A., Arantzamendi, L., Montero, D., Robaina, L., & Rosenlund, G. (2003). Dietary lipid sources for seabream and seabass: growth performance, tissue composition and flesh quality. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(6), 397-407. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00270.x(2007). Aquaculture Research, 38(1). doi:10.1111/are.2007.38.issue-1Martino, R. C., Cyrino, J. E. P., Portz, L., & Trugo, L. C. (2002). Performance and fatty acid composition of surubim (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans) fed diets with animal and plant lipids. Aquaculture, 209(1-4), 233-246. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00847-xMcFadzen, I. R. ., Coombs, S. ., & Halliday, N. . (1997). Histological indices of the nutritional condition of sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum) larvae off the north coast of Spain. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 212(2), 239-258. doi:10.1016/s0022-0981(96)02755-4Nogales Mérida, S., Jover Cerdá, M., Martínez Llorens, S., & Tomás Vidal, A. (2011). A study of partial replacement of fish meal with sunflower meal on growth, amino acid retention, and body composition of sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Sparidae). Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria, 41(1), 47-54. doi:10.3750/aip2011.41.1.07Nogales-Mérida, S., Tomás-Vidal, A., Cerdá, M. J., & Martínez-Llorens, S. (2011). Growth performance, histological alterations and fatty acid profile in muscle and liver of sharp snout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) with partial replacement of fish oil by pork fat. Aquaculture International, 19(5), 917-929. doi:10.1007/s10499-010-9410-zNogales Mérida, S., Tomás-Vidal, A., Martínez-Llorens, S., & Jover Cerdá, M. (2010). Sunflower meal as a partial substitute in juvenile sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) diets: Amino acid retention, gut and liver histology. Aquaculture, 298(3-4), 275-281. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.10.025O’Fallon, J. V., Busboom, J. R., Nelson, M. L., & Gaskins, C. T. (2007). A direct method for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis: Application to wet meat tissues, oils, and feedstuffs. Journal of Animal Science, 85(6), 1511-1521. doi:10.2527/jas.2006-491Olsen, R. E., Tore Dragnes, B., Myklebust, R., & Ringø, E. (2003). Effect of soybean oil and soybean lecithin on intestinal lipid composition and lipid droplet accumulation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 29(3), 181-192. doi:10.1023/b:fish.0000045708.67760.43Peng, S., Chen, L., Qin, J. G., Hou, J., Yu, N., Long, Z., … Sun, X. (2008). Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil by soybean oil on growth performance and liver biochemical composition in juvenile black seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Aquaculture, 276(1-4), 154-161. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.035Piedecausa, M. A., Mazón, M. J., García García, B., & Hernández, M. D. (2007). Effects of total replacement of fish oil by vegetable oils in the diets of sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo). Aquaculture, 263(1-4), 211-219. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.09.039Richard, N., Mourente, G., Kaushik, S., & Corraze, G. (2006). Replacement of a large portion of fish oil by vegetable oils does not affect lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Aquaculture, 261(3), 1077-1087. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.07.021Roberts, R. J. 1981. Patología de los peces. In ed. M. Prensa, 366. Madrid, Spain.Ruyter, B., Moya-Falcón, C., Rosenlund, G., & Vegusdal, A. (2006). Fat content and morphology of liver and intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Effects of temperature and dietary soybean oil. Aquaculture, 252(2-4), 441-452. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.014Snedecor, G., and W. Cochran. 1971. Statistical methods, p. 592. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.Turchini, G. M., Mentasti, T., Frøyland, L., Orban, E., Caprino, F., Moretti, V. M., & Valfré, F. (2003). Effects of alternative dietary lipid sources on performance, tissue chemical composition, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation capabilities and sensory characteristics in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Aquaculture, 225(1-4), 251-267. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00294-1(2009). Reviews in Aquaculture, 1(1). doi:10.1111/raq.2009.1.issue-
Relation of quality and sensory perception with changes in free amino acids of thawed seabream
[EN] This study aimed to investigate how the freshness before frozen storage affect the quality and sensory characteristics
of seabream in different commercial presentations and to correlate the findings with free amino acids
composition. The fish were slaughtered, allocated to three processing treatments (whole, gutted and filleted) and
stored at refrigeration (0±1 °C) for different times (5, 9, 11 and 18 days) before one-month frozen storage
(¿30 °C). After this time, physicochemical (pH, TVB-N, TBARS and free amino acids), bacterial count and
sensory evaluation (Torry Index & Quality Descriptive Analysis -QDA-) were studied. Significant differences were
found among treatments over time for TVB-N, TBARS and bacterial growth. The quality index (Torry) exhibited
a gradual decrease. QDA showed that fillets had the lowest assessment. Free amino acids contents varied significantly
during frozen storage with a particular behavior that depended on the previous treatment applied and
the fish freshness degree (elapsed days before frozen)This study was financially supported by the Gobierno de Aragón (Grupo Consolidado de Calidad y Tecnología de la Carne, Ref: A04), Instituto Agroalimentario Mixto de Aragón (IA2) and Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Valencia.Calanche, J.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Jover Cerda, M.; Alonso, V.; Roncales, P.; Beltrán, J. (2019). Relation of quality and sensory perception with changes in free amino acids of thawed seabream. Food Research International. 119:126-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.050S12613411
Replacement of fish oil with vegetable oil blends in feeds for greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) juveniles: effect on growth performance, feed efficiency, tissue fatty acid composition and flesh nutritional value
[EN] This study was undertaken to assess the effects of fish oil (FO) substitution by a mixture of alternative vegetable oils (VO) on Seriola dumerili culture performance. A 154-day feeding experiment was conducted using juveniles (39.2 +/- 1.6g average weight). Three isolipidic and isoenergetic meal-based diets were formulated varying their lipid component. The control diet contained 100% FO (FO100), whereas diets VO50 and VO100 included 1/2 of oil blend and all the oil from blend of palm oil (PO) and linseed oil (LO) as substitute for FO, respectively. Dietary regime did not significantly affect growth performance, biometric indices, feed efficiency, plasma chemistry and liver and muscle lipid contents. Nonetheless, dietary VO inclusion impacted on the fatty acid profile of target tissues, especially in the liver. Fatty acid profiles of the fillets reflected those of the dietary oils except that there was apparent selective utilization of palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) and apparent selective retention of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3). The nutritional value and the potential ability to prevent the development of coronary heart diseases of the flesh lipid fraction decreased with gradual FO substitution.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN), Grant/Award Number: AGL2011-30547-C03-02Monge-Ortiz, R.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Rodriguez-Barreto, D.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Perez, J.; Jover Cerda, M.; Lorenzo, A. (2018). Replacement of fish oil with vegetable oil blends in feeds for greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) juveniles: effect on growth performance, feed efficiency, tissue fatty acid composition and flesh nutritional value. Aquaculture Nutrition. 24(1):605-615. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12595S605615241Abrami, G., Natiello, F., Bronzi, P., McKenzie, D., Bolis, L., & Agradi, E. (1992). A comparison of highly unsaturated fatty acid levels in wild and farmed eels (Anguilla Anguilla). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, 101(1-2), 79-81. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(92)90161-jAlves Martins, D., Rocha, F., Martínez-Rodríguez, G., Bell, G., Morais, S., Castanheira, F., … Conceição, L. E. C. (2011). Teleost fish larvae adapt to dietary arachidonic acid supply through modulation of the expression of lipid metabolism and stress response genes. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(5), 864-874. doi:10.1017/s0007114511006143Bell, J. G., McEvoy, J., Tocher, D. R., McGhee, F., Campbell, P. J., & Sargent, J. R. (2001). Replacement of Fish Oil with Rapeseed Oil in Diets of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Affects Tissue Lipid Compositions and Hepatocyte Fatty Acid Metabolism. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(5), 1535-1543. doi:10.1093/jn/131.5.1535Bell, J. G., McGhee, F., Campbell, P. J., & Sargent, J. R. (2003). Rapeseed oil as an alternative to marine fish oil in diets of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): changes in flesh fatty acid composition and effectiveness of subsequent fish oil «wash out». Aquaculture, 218(1-4), 515-528. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00462-3Bell, J. G., & Sargent, J. R. (2003). Arachidonic acid in aquaculture feeds: current status and future opportunities. Aquaculture, 218(1-4), 491-499. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00370-8Bell, J. G., Tocher, D. R., Henderson, R. J., Dick, J. R., & Crampton, V. O. (2003). Altered Fatty Acid Compositions in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed Diets Containing Linseed and Rapeseed Oils Can Be Partially Restored by a Subsequent Fish Oil Finishing Diet. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(9), 2793-2801. doi:10.1093/jn/133.9.2793Benedito-Palos, L., Navarro, J. C., Sitjà-Bobadilla, A., Gordon Bell, J., Kaushik, S., & Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2008). High levels of vegetable oils in plant protein-rich diets fed to gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.): growth performance, muscle fatty acid profiles and histological alterations of target tissues. British Journal of Nutrition, 100(5), 992-1003. doi:10.1017/s0007114508966071Benedito-Palos, L., Saera-Vila, A., Calduch-Giner, J.-A., Kaushik, S., & Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2007). Combined replacement of fish meal and oil in practical diets for fast growing juveniles of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.): Networking of systemic and local components of GH/IGF axis. Aquaculture, 267(1-4), 199-212. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.011BOURAOUI, L., SÁNCHEZ-GURMACHES, J., CRUZ-GARCIA, L., GUTIÉRREZ, J., BENEDITO-PALOS, L., PÉREZ-SÁNCHEZ, J., & NAVARRO, I. (2010). Effect of dietary fish meal and fish oil replacement on lipogenic and lipoprotein lipase activities and plasma insulin in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(1), 54-63. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00706.xBowyer, J. N., Qin, J. G., Smullen, R. P., Adams, L. R., Thomson, M. J. S., & Stone, D. A. J. (2013). The use of a soy product in juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) feeds at different water temperatures: 1. Solvent extracted soybean meal. Aquaculture, 384-387, 35-45. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.12.005Bowyer, J. N., Qin, J. G., Smullen, R. P., & Stone, D. A. J. (2012). Replacement of fish oil by poultry oil and canola oil in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) at optimal and suboptimal temperatures. Aquaculture, 356-357, 211-222. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.05.014Bowyer, J. N., Rout-Pitt, N., Bain, P. A., Stone, D. A. J., & Schuller, K. A. (2012). Dietary fish oil replacement with canola oil up-regulates glutathione peroxidase 1 gene expression in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 162(4), 100-106. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.04.002Collins, G. M., Ball, A. S., Qin, J. G., Bowyer, J. N., & Stone, D. A. J. (2012). Effect of alternative lipids and temperature on growth factor gene expression in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). Aquaculture Research, 45(7), 1236-1245. doi:10.1111/are.12067Coz-Rakovac, R., Smuc, T., Topic Popovic, N., Strunjak-Perovic, I., Hacmanjek, M., & Jadan, M. (2008). Novel methods for assessing fish blood biochemical data. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24(1), 77-80. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.01041.xCraig, S. R., Washburn, B. S., & Gatlin, III, D. M. (1999). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 21(3), 249-255. doi:10.1023/a:1007843420128DÍAZ-LÓPEZ, M., PÉREZ, M. J., ACOSTA, N. G., TOCHER, D. R., JEREZ, S., LORENZO, A., & RODRÍGUEZ, C. (2009). Effect of dietary substitution of fish oil byEchiumoil on growth, plasma parameters and body lipid composition in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurataL.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(5), 500-512. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00616.xFountoulaki, E., Vasilaki, A., Hurtado, R., Grigorakis, K., Karacostas, I., Nengas, I., … Alexis, M. N. (2009). Fish oil substitution by vegetable oils in commercial diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.); effects on growth performance, flesh quality and fillet fatty acid profile. Aquaculture, 289(3-4), 317-326. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.023Gisbert, E., Giménez, G., Fernández, I., Kotzamanis, Y., & Estévez, A. (2009). Development of digestive enzymes in common dentex Dentex dentex during early ontogeny. Aquaculture, 287(3-4), 381-387. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.039Glencross, B. D. (2009). Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture species. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1(2), 71-124. doi:10.1111/j.1753-5131.2009.01006.xGlencross, B., Blyth, D., Irvin, S., Bourne, N., Campet, M., Boisot, P., & Wade, N. M. (2016). An evaluation of the complete replacement of both fishmeal and fish oil in diets for juvenile Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture, 451, 298-309. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.09.012Grigorakis, K. (2007). Compositional and organoleptic quality of farmed and wild gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and factors affecting it: A review. Aquaculture, 272(1-4), 55-75. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.062Henderson, R. J. (1996). Fatty acid metabolism in freshwater fish with particular reference to polyunsaturated fatty acids. Archiv für Tierernaehrung, 49(1), 5-22. doi:10.1080/17450399609381859Huang, S. S. Y., Oo, A. N., Higgs, D. A., Brauner, C. J., & Satoh, S. (2007). Effect of dietary canola oil level on the growth performance and fatty acid composition of juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 271(1-4), 420-431. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.06.004Izquierdo, M. S., Obach, A., Arantzamendi, L., Montero, D., Robaina, L., & Rosenlund, G. (2003). Dietary lipid sources for seabream and seabass: growth performance, tissue composition and flesh quality. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(6), 397-407. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00270.xKaushik, S. J., Covès, D., Dutto, G., & Blanc, D. (2004). Almost total replacement of fish meal by plant protein sources in the diet of a marine teleost, the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquaculture, 230(1-4), 391-404. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00422-8Khankari, N. K., Bradshaw, P. T., Steck, S. E., He, K., Olshan, A. F., Shen, J., … Gammon, M. D. (2015). Dietary intake of fish, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and survival after breast cancer: A population-based follow-up study on Long Island, New York. Cancer, 121(13), 2244-2252. doi:10.1002/cncr.29329Khaoian, P., Nguyen, H. P., Ogita, Y., Fukada, H., & Masumoto, T. (2014). Taurine supplementation and palm oil substitution in low-fish meal diets for young yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. Aquaculture, 420-421, 219-224. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.11.012Kiessling, K.-H., & Kiessling, A. (1993). Selective utilization of fatty acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) red muscle mitochondria. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71(2), 248-251. doi:10.1139/z93-035Kowalska, A., Zakęś, Z., Siwicki, A. K., Jankowska, B., Jarmołowicz, S., & Demska-Zakęś, K. (2011). Impact of diets with different proportions of linseed and sunflower oils on the growth, liver histology, immunological and chemical blood parameters, and proximate composition of pikeperch Sander lucioperca (L.). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(2), 375-388. doi:10.1007/s10695-011-9514-zLech, G. P., & Reigh, R. C. (2012). Plant Products Affect Growth and Digestive Efficiency of Cultured Florida Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) Fed Compounded Diets. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e34981. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034981Lemaire, P., Drai, P., Mathieu, A., Lemaire, S., Carrière, S., Giudicelli, J., & Lafaurie, M. (1991). Changes with different diets in plasma enzymes (GOT, GPT, LDH, ALP) and plasma lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides) of sea-bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 93(1), 63-75. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(91)90205-lLin, H., Chen, X., Chen, S., Zhuojia, L., Huang, Z., Niu, J., … Lu, X. (2011). Replacement of fish meal with fermented soybean meal in practical diets for pompanoTrachinotus ovatus. Aquaculture Research, 44(1), 151-156. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03000.xMazzola, A., Favaloro, E., & Sarà, G. (2000). Cultivation of the Mediterranean amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810), in submerged cages in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Aquaculture, 181(3-4), 257-268. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00243-4Menoyo, D., Izquierdo, M. S., Robaina, L., Ginés, R., Lopez-Bote, C. J., & Bautista, J. M. (2004). Adaptation of lipid metabolism, tissue composition and flesh quality in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) to the replacement of dietary fish oil by linseed and soyabean oils. British Journal of Nutrition, 92(1), 41-52. doi:10.1079/bjn20041165Mourente, G., & Bell, J. G. (2006). Partial replacement of dietary fish oil with blends of vegetable oils (rapeseed, linseed and palm oils) in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) over a long term growth study: Effects on muscle and liver fatty acid composition and effectiveness of a fish oil finishing diet. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 145(3-4), 389-399. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.08.012Mozanzadeh, M. T., Agh, N., Yavari, V., Marammazi, J. G., Mohammadian, T., & Gisbert, E. (2016). Partial or total replacement of dietary fish oil with alternative lipid sources in silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta). Aquaculture, 451, 232-240. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.09.022Nguyen, H. P., Khaoian, P., Fukada, H., Suzuki, N., & Masumoto, T. (2013). Feeding fermented soybean meal diet supplemented with taurine to yellowtailSeriola quinqueradiataaffects growth performance and lipid digestion. Aquaculture Research, 46(5), 1101-1110. doi:10.1111/are.12267Peng, S., Chen, L., Qin, J. G., Hou, J., Yu, N., Long, Z., … Sun, X. (2008). Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil by soybean oil on growth performance and liver biochemical composition in juvenile black seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Aquaculture, 276(1-4), 154-161. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.035Pérez, J. A., Rodríguez, C., Bolaños, A., Cejas, J. R., & Lorenzo, A. (2014). Beef tallow as an alternative to fish oil in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles: Effects on fish performance, tissue fatty acid composition, health and flesh nutritional value. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 116(5), 571-583. doi:10.1002/ejlt.201300457Piedecausa, M. A., Mazón, M. J., García García, B., & Hernández, M. D. (2007). Effects of total replacement of fish oil by vegetable oils in the diets of sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo). Aquaculture, 263(1-4), 211-219. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.09.039Regost, C., Arzel, J., Robin, J., Rosenlund, G., & Kaushik, S. . (2003). Total replacement of fish oil by soybean or linseed oil with a return to fish oil in turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture, 217(1-4), 465-482. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00259-4Richard, N., Mourente, G., Kaushik, S., & Corraze, G. (2006). Replacement of a large portion of fish oil by vegetable oils does not affect lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Aquaculture, 261(3), 1077-1087. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.07.021Rossi, W., & Davis, D. A. (2012). Replacement of fishmeal with poultry by-product meal in the diet of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus L. Aquaculture, 338-341, 160-166. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.01.026Ruyter, B., Moya-Falcón, C., Rosenlund, G., & Vegusdal, A. (2006). Fat content and morphology of liver and intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Effects of temperature and dietary soybean oil. Aquaculture, 252(2-4), 441-452. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.014Saito, H. (2012). Lipid characteristics of two subtropical Seriola fishes, Seriola dumerili and Seriola rivoliana, with differences between cultured and wild varieties. Food Chemistry, 135(3), 1718-1729. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.122SALES, J., & GLENCROSS, B. (2011). A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary marine oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth, feed conversion and muscle fatty acid composition of fish species. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(2), e271-e287. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00761.xSARKER, M. S. A., SATOH, S., KAMATA, K., HAGA, Y., & YAMAMOTO, Y. (2011). Partial replacement of fish meal with plant protein sources using organic acids to practical diets for juvenile yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata. Aquaculture Nutrition, 18(1), 81-89. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00880.xSENO-O, A., TAKAKUWA, F., HASHIGUCHI, T., MORIOKA, K., MASUMOTO, T., & FUKADA, H. (2008). Replacement of dietary fish oil with olive oil in young yellowtailSeriola quinqueradiata: effects on growth, muscular fatty acid composition and prevention of dark muscle discoloration during refrigerated storage. Fisheries Science, 74(6), 1297-1306. doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2008.01655.xSicuro, B., & Luzzana, U. (2016). The State ofSeriola spp.Other Than Yellowtail (S. quinqueradiata) Farming in the World. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 24(4), 314-325. doi:10.1080/23308249.2016.1187583Simopoulos, A. P. (2008). The Importance of the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 233(6), 674-688. doi:10.3181/0711-mr-311Simopoulos, A. P. (2011). Importance of the Omega-6/Omega-3 Balance in Health and Disease: Evolutionary Aspects of Diet. Healthy Agriculture, Healthy Nutrition, Healthy People, 10-21. doi:10.1159/000327785Simopoulos, A. (2016). An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity. Nutrients, 8(3), 128. doi:10.3390/nu8030128STUBHAUG, I., LIE, Ø., & TORSTENSEN, B. E. (2007). Fatty acid productive value and ?-oxidation capacity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed on different lipid sources along the whole growth period. Aquaculture Nutrition, 13(2), 145-155. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00462.xTacon, A. G. J., & Metian, M. (2008). Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects. Aquaculture, 285(1-4), 146-158. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015Takakuwa, F., Fukada, H., Hosokawa, H., & Masumoto, T. (2006). Optimum digestible protein and energy levels and ratio for greater amberjack Seriola dumerili (Risso) fingerling. Aquaculture Research, 37(15), 1532-1539. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01590.xTocher, D. R. (2010). Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish. Aquaculture Research, 41(5), 717-732. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02150.xTOMAS, A., DE LA GANDARA, F., GARCIA-GOMEZ, A., PEREZ, L., & JOVER, M. (2005). Utilization of soybean meal as an alternative protein source in the Mediterranean yellowtail, Seriola dumerili. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11(5), 333-340. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2005.00365.xTorstensen, B. E., Froyland, L., & Lie, O. (2004). Replacing dietary fish oil with increasing levels of rapeseed oil and olive oil - effects on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) tissue and lipoprotein lipid composition and lipogenic enzyme activities. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10(3), 175-192. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00289.xTorstensen, B. E., Lie, Ø., & Frøyland, L. (2000). Lipid metabolism and tissue composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)—Effects of capelin oil, palm oil, and oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil as dietary lipid sources. Lipids, 35(6), 653-664. doi:10.1007/s11745-000-0570-6TRUSHENSKI, J., SCHWARZ, M., LEWIS, H., LAPORTE, J., DELBOS, B., TAKEUCHI, R., & SAMPAIO, L. A. (2011). Effect of replacing dietary fish oil with soybean oil on production performance and fillet lipid and fatty acid composition of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(2), e437-e447. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00779.xTucker, J. W., Lellis, W. A., Vermeer, G. K., Roberts, D. E., & Woodward, P. N. (1997). The effects of experimental starter diets with different levels of soybean or menhaden oil on red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 149(3-4), 323-339. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(96)01448-2Turan, H. (2007). Fatty acid profile and proximate composition of the thornback ray (Raja clavata, L. 1758) from the Sinop coast in the Black Sea. Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 1(2), 97-103. doi:10.3153/jfscom.2007012Turchini, G. M., Torstensen, B. E., & Ng, W.-K. (2009). Fish oil replacement in finfish nutrition. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1(1), 10-57. doi:10.1111/j.1753-5131.2008.01001.xUlbricht, T. L. V., & Southgate, D. A. T. (1991). Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. The Lancet, 338(8773), 985-992. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91846-mUYAN, O., KOSHIO, S., ISHIKAWA, M., YOKOYAMA, S., UYAN, S., REN, T., & HERNANDEZ, L. H. H. (2009). The influence of dietary phospholipid level on the performances of juvenile amberjack,Seriola dumerili, fed non-fishmeal diets. Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(5), 550-557. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00621.xVidal, A. T., De la Gándara García, F., Gómez, A. G., & Cerdá, M. J. (2008). Effect of the protein/energy ratio on the growth of Mediterranean yellowtail (Seriola dumerili). Aquaculture Research, 39(11), 1141-1148. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01975.xWood, J. ., Richardson, R. ., Nute, G. ., Fisher, A. ., Campo, M. ., Kasapidou, E., … Enser, M. (2004). Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: a review. Meat Science, 66(1), 21-32. doi:10.1016/s0309-1740(03)00022-
- …