Quantification of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum' in apricot trees exhibiting uneven European stone fruit yellows symptoms

This study focused on quantification of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum' in apricot trees exhibiting uneven symptoms of European stone fruit yellows. For the research, 17 trees showing early leaf bud break in one part of the crown were selected in winter season, and 13 trees showing leafroll in older part of the shoots and no symptoms in younger part of the same shoots were selected in summer season. Absolute quantification of phytoplasmas was performed by real-time PCR in samples collected from asymptomatic and symptomatic parts. The results showed, that phytoplasma could not be always detected in asymptomatic parts, where 2 out of 17 samples from asymptomatic parts from winter season were negative while in summer season 6 out of 13 samples from asymptomatic parts were negative. Comparison of phytoplasma quantities between symptomatic and asymptomatic plant parts then showed significantly higher quantities in symptomatic parts from samples collected in summer season and no quantity difference in samples collected in winter season.O

Qualitative and Nutritional Characteristics of Plum Cultivars Grown on Different Rootstocks

Previous study hsas confirmed the influence of rootstock on the scion. Using a suitable rootstock for plum cultivar can affect many qualitative parameters of fruit. This study deals with the pomological and chemical analysis of three plums of Japanese origin (Prunus salicina) 'Black Amber', 'Karkulka', 'Shiro' and one European origin (Prunus domestica) 'Stanley' grown on five different rootstock (Ishtara, St. Julien A, Torinel, Citation and Penta) planted in Czech Republic. During the year, the phenological phases of date of blooming, flower set, date of ripening, and fruit set were determined. In this study, significant negative correlation (p < 0.05, R = MINUS SIGN 0.6831) was determined between fruit set and fruit weight. Rootstocks did not have influence on the fruit weight, but 'Karkulka' reached significantly higher fruit weight on St. Julien A and Citation rootstocks (32 g) than on the other three rootstocks (24 to 26 g). For all cultivars, fruit firmness and soluble solid content (SSC) were measured. The rootstocks greatly influenced the titratable acidity of plums which reached the highest value for cultivars grown on Citation rootstock (from 0.65 to 2.43%) and the lowest when grown on Ishtara rootstock (from 0.53 to 1.88%). In addition, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity were determined. The cultivars on Ishtara rootstock reached the highest values of TPC (from 336.26 to 562.75 mg (GAE)/100 g). The results presented in this study show influence of rootstock on quality of plums, where Ishtara rootstock was highlighted as the best.O

The Effect of Phytoplasma Disease Caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ on the Phenological and Pomological Traits in Apricot Trees

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’, the causal agent of European stone fruit yellows (ESFY), is one of the most important pathogens causing considerable economic losses in stone fruit orchards. This study evaluated trees infected and noninfected by phytoplasma ESFY of 16 apricot varieties grown in an orchard in Lednice (Czech Republic) between the years 2008-2014. Pomological traits, phenophases, pollen germination and seed viability were analysed as well as the presence of ‘Ca. P. prunorum’ in pollen, flower organs, fruit flesh, immature seeds and seedlings by nested PCR. One of the most detrimental impacts was the decreased fruit set of infected trees which occurred in 12 out of 16 studied varieties reaching an average fruit set decrease of 16.1%. Pollen germination rates also suffered, showing an average decrease by 11.78% in infected trees. In the analysis of some traits, overall significant differences were observed between the infected and noninfected trees. However, for all analysed traits in different varieties, both positive and negative influences of phytoplasma ESFY were observed. The presence of ‘Ca. P. prunorum’ in infected trees was confirmed in flower parts (only in peduncle in 70.2% of cases) and fruit parts (immature fruit flesh in 42.0% and milky kernels in 26.2% of cases), however, neither in seedlings nor in pollen

Assessment of Antioxidants in Selected Plant Rootstocks

The service tree (Sorbus domestica) is a wild fruit tree with immense medicinal and industrial value. This study aimed at determining the four major groups of antioxidants (flavonoids, phenolic acids and aldehydes, catechin and procyanidin) in rootstocks of Crataegus laevigata (genotypes O-LE-14 and O-LE-21), Aronia melanocarpa (genotypes O-LE-14 and O-LE-21), Chaenomeles japonica (genotype O-LE-9) and Cydonia oblonga (BA 29) (genotypes O-LE-14 and O-LE-21). Hyperoside (Quercetin 3-D-galactoside) was the most abundant flavonoid compound, since its average content in the rootstocks of Crataegus laevigata (O-LE-21) was 180.68 +/- 0.04 mu g center dot g(-1). Dihydrokaempherol was the least frequently found flavonoid compound, with an average concentration of 0.43 +/- 0.01 mu g center dot g(-1) in all the rootstocks of plants considered in this study. Among the phenolic compounds, the most represented one was protocatechuic acid, with 955.92 +/- 10.25 mu g center dot g(-1) in the rootstocks of Aronia melanocarpa (O-LE-14). On the other hand, the least represented p-Coumaric acid exhibited the average concentration of 0.34 +/- 0.01 mu g center dot g(-1) in the plant rootstocks. Epicatechin was the most abundant catechin compound, with a content of 3196.37 +/- 50.10 mu g center dot g(-1) in the rootstocks of Aronia melanocarpa (O-LE-14). The lowest represented catechin compound was epigallocatechin, with the average concentration of 0.95 +/- 0.08 mu g center dot g(-1) in the screened plant rootstocks. From the procyanidin compounds, the most abundant one was procyanidin b2 in the rootstocks of Crataegus laevigata (O-LE-14), with a concentration of 5550.40 +/- 99.56 mu g center dot g(-1). On the contrary, procyanidin a2, with an average concentration of 40.35 +/- 1.61 mu g center dot g(-1), represented the least frequent procyanidin compound in all the plant rootstocks screened herein

Effect of pomiferin administration on kidney ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats

The aim of the study was to analyse protective effects of different doses of pomiferin in therapy of reperfusion injury. Rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10). One group was intact. Three medicated groups and one placebo group were subjected to ischaemia and reperfusion of the left kidney. Pomiferin was administrated by single gastric gavage in 2 ml of 0.5% Avicel solution in doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg. The placebo group was given only Avicel solution. On day 15, all the animals were exsanguinated and the reperfused kidneys were recovered. Selected biochemical markers were assessed in blood: antioxidative enzymes, total antioxidative capacity, malondialdehyde, creatinine, urea and uric acid. Creatinine, urea and total proteins were analysed in urine and 24-hour diuresis was recorded. The kidney tissue samples were used for histopathological examination

Communication campaign proposal of the Čížová Brewery

Tato bakalářská práce, která byla zhotovena na téma "Návrh komunikační kampaně Pivovaru Čížová", se zaobírá problematikou celistvého návrhu a praktické realizace komunikační kampaně. Teoretická část přibližuje problematiku komunikace a marketingu, zejména s ohledem na jejich nástroje a konkrétnímu použití v praxi. V praktické části je nejprve představena společnost Pivovar Čížová z hlediska produktů, zákazníků, obchodu a cílů. Následně jsou analyzovány aktuální prostředky, které podnik využívá při marketingové komunikaci. Další kapitoly se již věnují komunikační kampani, kde je přímo vytyčen průběh, cíle, metodika a konkrétní aktivity provázející její realizaci. Komunikační kampaň je následně vyhodnocena z hlediska míry účasti, změn v prodeji, efektivity propagace na Facebooku a finální kalkulace rentability.ObhájenoThis bachelor's thesis, which was made on the topic "Communication campaign proposal of the Čížová Brewery", deals with the issue of a comprehensive proposal and practical implementation of the communication campaign. The theoretical part presents the issues of communication and marketing, especially with regard to their tools and specific use in practice. In the practical part, the company Čížová Brewery is first introduced in terms of its products, customers, trade and goals. Subsequently, the current resources that the company uses in marketing communication are analyzed. The next chapters are devoted to the communication campaign, where the process, goals, methodology and specific activities accompanying its implementation are directly outlined. The communication campaign is then evaluated in terms of participation rate, changes in sales, the effectiveness of promotion on Facebook and the final calculation of profitability