Efeito da temperatura no desenvolvimento de imaturos de Paralucilia fulvinota (Bigot, 1877) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) de interesse forense

Forensic entomology uses information based on the biology of some insects, mainly Diptera Calliphoridae, which are associated to corpses in forensic investigations. Temperature has direct effect on the metabolism rate. Higher temperatures reduce the development time and has a direct effect on the body mass and length. This research aims at studying the effects of ambient temperature (average temp. =24,5 ± 1,3ºC; average humidity 84 ± 3,9%), in 5 different rates of controlled temperature (20, 23, 26, 29, 32 and 35 ºC), on the development of P. fulvinota, thus generating data to help estimate the PMI (Postmortem Interval) of 5 corpses found in this area. The research was conducted at Reserva Florestal Ducke (Manaus-Amazonas). Five pregnant female mosquitoes were collected when feeding upon a forty-kilo swine (Sus scrofa). After being laid, immatures were collected from stock colonies. In ambient temperature, the individuals development took 13 days. Gender ratio was 0,86 (7 ♂ and 46 ♀). There was a constant mass gain through each instar phase in relation to the larvae length. The data in degree day (190.38) and degree hour (4569.24) of the total development time from larvae (L1, L2, L3) to adult reveal the elapsed time to reach the total period. Development time under controlled temperature was longer in 20º C (~25 days) with a gender ratio of 0,3 (7 ♂ and 3 ♀), whereas the shorter was in 29º C (~11 days). Gender ratio: 0,6 (18 ♂ and 27 ♀). At 23º C, 19 days, gender ratio: 0,45 (13 ♂ e 11 ♀) and 26º C, 13 days, gender ratio: 0, 5 (21 ♂ e 21 ♀). At 23º and 26º C there was a consistent length growth, unlikely the other temperatures where the growth rate was decreased. Regarding body mass there was gain in all temperatures apart from 29º C. At 32º and 35º C incomplete development occurred. Under controlled temperatures the optimal temperatures ranged between 23 and 26º C and in fluctuating temperatures, average 24, 5º C. In order to obtain an accurate result using PMI calculation, results from experiments under controlled and ambient temperatures were used and complemented each other, confirming the temperature influence on the development time, body mass and length. This study represents an important tool to forensic entomology and the PMI estimation in corpses found in this region.A Entomologia Forense utiliza informações sobre a biologia dos insetos, principalmente os Diptera Calliphoridae, associados a cadáveres em investigações científicas. A temperatura possui influência na taxa metabólica dos insetos. Geralmente as mais elevadas diminuem o tempo de desenvolvimento e afetam o comprimento e massa corpórea. Este trabalho buscou estudar o efeito da temperatura ambiente (média =24,5 ± 1,3ºC; e umidade média de 84 ± 3,9%) e em cinco faixas de temperatura controlada (20, 23, 26, 29, 32 e 35 ºC) no desenvolvimento de P. fulvinota, fornecendo dados para auxiliar na estimativa do IPM (Intervalo pós-morte) de cadáveres encontrados nesta região. O estudo foi realizado de outubro a dezembro de 2014 na Reserva Florestal Ducke (Manaus-Amazonas). Fêmeas grávidas foram coletadas em um suíno (Sus scrofa) de 40 Kg e a partir das posturas foram obtidos os imaturos provenientes de colônias de estoque. O tempo de desenvolvimento em temperatura ambiente foi de 13,13 dias com razão sexual de 0,86 (7 ♂ e 46 ♀). Houve aumento constante do ganho de massa ao longo de cada instar em relaçao ao comprimento larval. Dados de Grausdias (190.38) e Graus-horas (4569.24) do tempo total de larva (L1, L2,L3) a adulto, mostram o tempo transcorrido para atingir o período total. O tempo desenvolvimento em temperatura controlada foi maior a 20º C (~25 dias) com razão sexual de 0,3 (7 ♂ e 3 ♀). O menor a 29º C (~11dias) com razão sexual de 0,6 (18 ♂ e 27 ♀). A 23º C foi de 19 dias com razão sexual de 0,45 (13 ♂ e 11 ♀ ) e a 26º C foi de 13 dias com razão sexual de 0, 5 (21 ♂ e 21 ♀). Nas temperaturas de 23º e 26º C houve ganho constante de comprimento enquanto nas demais esse ganho diminuiu. Em relação a massa houve ganho constante, com execessão da temperatura de 29º C. Nas temperaturas de 32 e 35º C não houve desenvolvimento completo. Em temperaturas controladas o limiar ótimo esteve entre 23 e 26º C e em temperatura flutuante em média de 24, 5º C. Para que se possa obter um resultado mais preciso para o calculo do IPM, ambos resultados (temperatura controlada e ambiente) se complementam, confirmando a influencia da temperatura sobre o tempo de desenvolvimento, massa e comprimento. Essa análise se constitui importante ferramenta para entomologia forense e determinação do Intervalo pós-morte (IPM). em cadáveres encontrados na região

Some Agronomic Factors Affecting N-Dimethyl-nitrosamine Content in Cigarette Smoke

AbstractExperimentaI cigarettes from tobaccos varying in genotype, nitrogen nutrition, stalk position, suckering practice, and curing methods were used to examine the Ievels of N-dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in smoke. Measurable amounts of DMN were found in all experimental samples, ranging from 1.7 to 115 ng per gram of tobacco burned. DMN content in smoke generally increased as rate of N fertilization increased. However, there were wide seasonal, cultural, and varietal effects. Burley-type tobacco produced a much higher level of DMN than the bright-type tobacco. DMN content in smoke was significantly and positively related to Ieaf total N, totaI alkaloids, nicotine, nornicotine, total volatile bases and nitrate N, but negatively related to reducing sugars. Reconstituted sheet tobaccos made with homogenized-leaf-curing samples produced much lower amounts of DMN than conventionally cured leaf. Additional information is needed to elucidate the primary leaf constituents that serve as precursors of DMN.</jats:p

Development time, body mass and length of immatures of Paralucilia fulvinota (Bigot, 1877) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) reared under natural conditions in a Central Amazon forest

Blow flies (Calliphoridae) are used in forensic entomology studies, because their life cycle help to determine the minimum post-mortem interval (PMImin). Paralucilia fulvinota (Bigot, 1877) is a forensic indicator and is reported from human corpses in the Amazonian region. Our objectives were to describe the development time of P. fulvinota under natural conditions at Ducke Reserve (Amazonas), provide the accumulated degree-days (ADD) and accumulated degree-hour (ADH), body length and mass of larvae, and the sex ratio of adults. Pregnant females were sampled on a swine carcass. From hatched eggs, we reared stock colonies and observed the immature development under uncontrolled conditions of temperature (24.5 ± 1.3 ºC), rainfall (188 ± 11.5 mm³) and humidity (84 ± 3.9%). Development time was 11 days. Adult sex ratio was 0.86. Larvae gained mass at constant rates through the instars but grew less in length from the second to the third instar. Accordingly, P. fulvinota grows more in mass than in length when in larval stage. The period from first stadium to adults lasted 159.5 degree-days and 3828 degree-hours. Our results may be helpful in providing a more accurate estimate of PMImin on corpses encountered in forested areas of the Amazon region.&#x0D;  </jats:p

Description of Immature Stages and Development Time of Paralucilia paraensis (Mello) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Associated with the Decomposition of a Partially Submerged Swine Carcass

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-17T21:43:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 description.pdf: 341943 bytes, checksum: 4c40b06a34619eff1ee76d58d4c6ddf6 (MD5) license_url: 49 bytes, checksum: 4afdbb8c545fd630ea7db775da747b2f (MD5) license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license.txt: 120 bytes, checksum: c5ec8a89f6203da160ca192812b3f657 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013We report on the bionomics and morphology of the immature stages of Paralucilia paraensis (Mello) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Observations were made on a daily basis for 10 h (from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.) on a 45-kg pig (Sus scrofa) whose carcass had been partially submerged in a stream of water on the 21st of November 2009, in a forested area of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The collected specimens were placed in plastic vials and transferred to a growth chamber maintained at room temperature. Adults of P. paraensis were collected on the carcass between the 3rd and the 18th days. A total of 13 gravid females were captured; from these, 1,240 eggs were obtained and yielded 1,030 larvae that developed into 879 adults. The average time required for hatching was 13 h. On average, the larvae reached the second instar within 13 h, third instar within 18 h, and pupae within 46 h. The pupal stage lasted 96 h. The complete development time was 216 h. This is the first report on the development time and morphology of immature stages of P. paraensis in forested areas. Therefore, these results provided information for the implementation of future forensic studies in the state of Amazonas