On the European Union – Turkey Customs Union

The purpose of the paper is to study the European Union - Turkey customs union (CU) of 1995 covering trade in industrial goods. The customs union decision of 1995 tending to rules and disciplines on various regulatory border and behind-the-border policies covers in particular customs reform, technical barriers to trade, competition policy, intellectual property rights, and administrative procedures. The paper after assessing in each case the status quo at the time of the entry of the CU into force evaluates the commitments undertaken under the CU, and assesses the degree of implementation of the CU requirements as well as the administrative costs of implementation of the CU. Finally, the paper shows how the CU has successfully moved the Turkish economy from a government-controlled regime to a market based one.Economic Integration, Customs Union

Foreign exchange regime, the real exchange rate and current account sustainability: The case of Turkey

During the last two and half decades Turkey has suffered from three foreign exchange crisis resulting in considerable loss of income. The paper argues that the country in order to avoid the foreign exchange crisis has to stay away from having too big current account deficits. Noting that under perfect capital mobility there will always be the unavoidable risk of speculative attacks on the currency unless the country resolves its fiscal problems, attains price stability, and achieves a sound banking sector, the paper stresses importance of current account sustainability and highlights shortcomings of current policies pursued by Turkey. --Current account sustainability,Turkey

On managing adjustment to external shocks in oil importing developing countries

This paper employs country specific multisectoral general equilibrium models of Turkey, Kenya and India to study the adjustment problems confronting these countries. The affects of liberal and interventionist policies on GDP and on incomes of different classes are analysed. The results show that liberal policies minimise the GDP losses and that farmers are relatively better off under these policies.

Squeezed thermal reservoirs as a resource for a nano-mechanical engine beyond the Carnot limit

The efficient conversion of thermal energy to mechanical work by a heat engine is an ongoing technological challenge. Since the pioneering work of Carnot, it is known that the efficiency of heat engines is bounded by a fundamental upper limit, the Carnot limit. Theoretical studies suggest that heat engines may be operated beyond the Carnot limit by exploiting stationary, non-equilibrium reservoirs that are characterized by a temperature as well as further parameters. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we demonstrate that the efficiency of a nano-beam heat engine coupled to squeezed thermal noise is not bounded by the standard Carnot limit. Remarkably, we also show that it is possible to design a cyclic process that allows for extraction of mechanical work from a single squeezed thermal reservoir. Our results demonstrate a qualitatively new regime of non-equilibrium thermodynamics at small scales and provide a new perspective on the design of efficient, highly miniaturized engines.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

The EU-Turkey Customs Union: A model for Future Euro-Med Integration. MEDPRO Technical Report No. 9/March 2012

This paper studying the 1995 EU-Turkey Customs Union (CU) reveals that the CU has been a major instrument of integration of the Turkish economy into the EU and global markets, offering powerful tools to reform the Turkish economy. Turkish producers of industrial goods are protected by tariffs from external competition to exactly the same extent as EU producers, and they face competition from duty-free imports of industrial goods from world-class pan-European firms. In return, Turkish industrial producers have duty-free market access to the European Economic Area, which was recently extended to certain Mediterranean countries. Trade liberalisation achieved through the CU has thus successfully moved the Turkish economy from a government-controlled regime to a market-based one, and Turkish producers of industrial goods have performed remarkably well. The paper further shows that market access conditions for Turkish producers are determined, in addition to tariffs, by standards, conformity assessment procedures, competition policy, industrial property rights and contingent protectionism measures. The CU also offered Turkey the opportunity to establish new institutions, and modernise and upgrade rules and disciplines required for the elimination of technical barriers to trade, and for the implementation of the EU’s competition, industrial property rights, and contingent protectionism policies

Technical barriers to trade: The case of Turkey and the European Union

The purpose of this paper is to study in detail the policies Turkey has adopted for the elimination of Technical Barriers to Trade within the context of 1995 Customs Union Decision between the EU and Turkey as of January 1, 1996. In addition, the paper emphasize the problems Turkey have encountered during the implementation of the policies, administrative costs of implementation. It is hoped that the Turkish experience will be beneficial for Southern and Eastern neighbors of the EU pursuing deeper economic integration with the EU within the context of EU’s European Neighborhood Policy. © 2015-Center for Economic Integration, Sejong Institution, Sejong University, All Rights Reserved

Evaluating Internet Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Adults with Depression

• Depression is one of the most prevalent and costly mental health issues worldwide. • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has been a long-standing treatment for patients with depression. CBT has been proven to reduce or eliminate depression symptoms while increasing quality of life. • Due to lack of access to care and a deficiency of mental health providers throughout the United States, the frequent and lengthy visits that are required for traditional CBT may not be an option. • The use of internet based CBT has been studied as an alternative to traditional therapy and may serve to fill a gap in current care. • This review of literature examined the use of internet based forms of CBT in patients ages 18 and older. • Internet based forms reviewed included videoconferencing, computer based therapy and smartphone applications. • Current research was examined to determine the safety of internet based CBT and compare the cost and outcomes to in- person therapy.https://commons.und.edu/pas-grad-posters/1033/thumbnail.jp

Effects of Alternative Policy Regimes on Foreign-Payments Imbalances

Using a country-specific multisectoral general-equilibrium trade model the paper examines the consequences of outward- and inward-oriented development strategies. The analysis supports the view that the unwillingness of some of the developing countries' governments to pursue outward-oriented policies can be explained in terms of low trade-elasticity values supposedly perceived by the policy makers, and/or by the political power exercised by capitalists, whet seem to lose most under outward-oriented policies

Bringing EU-Turkey trade and investment relations up to date?

The case is made that the EU-Turkey CU of 1995 covering industrial goods should be modernised and modified to take into account the various and growing criticisms of the original CU. Furthermore, economic integration between the EU and Turkey should be strengthened by signing a complementary deep integration regional trade agreement (RTA) between the EU and Turkey, covering agriculture, SPS measures, services, government procurement, investment, and dispute settlement. For Turkey, the objective would be to achieve comprehensive liberalisation, while for the EU this is an ideal opportunity to harness the economic and political potential of deeper integration with Turkey, in line with its wider trade and investment policy