35 research outputs found
Applying univariate vs. multivariate statistics to investigate therapeutic efficacy in (pre)clinical trials : a Monte Carlo simulation study on the example of a controlled preclinical neurotrauma trial
Background
Small sample sizes combined with multiple correlated endpoints pose a major challenge in the statistical analysis of preclinical neurotrauma studies. The standard approach of applying univariate tests on individual response variables has the advantage of simplicity of interpretation, but it fails to account for the covariance/correlation in the data. In contrast, multivariate statistical techniques might more adequately capture the multi-dimensional pathophysiological pattern of neurotrauma and therefore provide increased sensitivity to detect treatment effects.
Results
We systematically evaluated the performance of univariate ANOVA, Welchβs ANOVA and linear mixed effects models versus the multivariate techniques, ANOVA on principal component scores and MANOVA tests by manipulating factors such as sample and effect size, normality and homogeneity of variance in computer simulations. Linear mixed effects models demonstrated the highest power when variance between groups was equal or variance ratio was 1:2. In contrast, Welchβs ANOVA outperformed the remaining methods with extreme variance heterogeneity. However, power only reached acceptable levels of 80% in the case of large simulated effect sizes and at least 20 measurements per group or moderate effects with at least 40 replicates per group. In addition, we evaluated the capacity of the ordination techniques, principal component analysis (PCA), redundancy analysis (RDA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to capture patterns of treatment effects without formal hypothesis testing. While LDA suffered from a high false positive rate due to multicollinearity, PCA, RDA, and PLS-DA were robust and PLS-DA outperformed PCA and RDA in capturing a true treatment effect pattern.
Conclusions
Multivariate tests do not provide an appreciable increase in power compared to univariate techniques to detect group differences in preclinical studies. However, PLS-DA seems to be a useful ordination technique to explore treatment effect patterns without formal hypothesis testing
Aerosol exposure of staff during dental treatments: a model study
Background: Due to exposure to potentially infectious aerosols during treatments, the dental personnel is considered being at high risk for aerosol transmitted diseases like COVID-19. The aim of this study was to evaluate aerosol exposure during different dental treatments as well as the efficacy of dental suction to reduce aerosol spreading.
Methods: Dental powder-jet (PJ; Air-Flow (R)), a water-cooled dental handpiece with a diamond bur (HP) and water-cooled ultrasonic scaling (US) were used in a simulation head, mounted on a dental unit in various treatment settings. The influence of the use of a small saliva ejector (SE) and high-volume suction (HVS) was evaluated. As a proxy of aerosols, air-born particles (PM10) were detected using a Laser Spectrometer in 30 cm distance from the mouth. As control, background particle counts (BC) were measured before and after experiments.
Results: With only SE, integrated aerosol levels [median (Q25/Q75) mu g/m(3) s] for PJ [91,246 (58,213/118,386) mu g/m(3) s, p 0.05] and US [6558 (6002/7066) mu g/m(3) s; p > 0.05] did not increase aerosol levels significantly. The use of HVS significantly decreased aerosol exposure for PJ [37,170 (29,634/51,719) mu g/m(3) s; p < 0.01] and HP [5476 (5066/5638) mu g/m(3) s; p < 0.001] compared to SE only, even reaching lower particle counts than BC levels for HP usage (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: To reduce the exposure to potentially infectious aerosols, HVS should be used during aerosol-forming dental treatments
Antibacterial mono- and sesquiterpene esters of benzoic acids from Iranian propolis
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Propolis (bee glue) has been used as a remedy since ancient times. Propolis from unexplored regions attracts the attention of scientists in the search for new bioactive molecules.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>From Iranian propolis from the Isfahan province, five individual components were isolated: the prenylated coumarin suberosin <b>1</b>, and four terpene esters: tschimgin (bornyl <it>p</it>-hydroxybenzoate) <b>2</b>, tschimganin (bornyl vanillate) <b>3</b>, ferutinin (ferutinol <it>p</it>-hydroxybenzoate) <b>4, </b>and tefernin (ferutinol vanillate) <b>5</b>. All of them were found for the first time in propolis. Compounds <b>2 </b>- <b>5 </b>demonstrated activity against <it>Staphylococcus aureus</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results of the present study are consistent with the idea that propolis from unexplored regions is a promising source of biologically active compounds.</p
Applying univariate vs. multivariate statistics to investigate therapeutic efficacy in (pre)clinical trials: A Monte Carlo simulation study on the example of a controlled preclinical neurotrauma trial.
BackgroundSmall sample sizes combined with multiple correlated endpoints pose a major challenge in the statistical analysis of preclinical neurotrauma studies. The standard approach of applying univariate tests on individual response variables has the advantage of simplicity of interpretation, but it fails to account for the covariance/correlation in the data. In contrast, multivariate statistical techniques might more adequately capture the multi-dimensional pathophysiological pattern of neurotrauma and therefore provide increased sensitivity to detect treatment effects.ResultsWe systematically evaluated the performance of univariate ANOVA, Welch's ANOVA and linear mixed effects models versus the multivariate techniques, ANOVA on principal component scores and MANOVA tests by manipulating factors such as sample and effect size, normality and homogeneity of variance in computer simulations. Linear mixed effects models demonstrated the highest power when variance between groups was equal or variance ratio was 1:2. In contrast, Welch's ANOVA outperformed the remaining methods with extreme variance heterogeneity. However, power only reached acceptable levels of 80% in the case of large simulated effect sizes and at least 20 measurements per group or moderate effects with at least 40 replicates per group. In addition, we evaluated the capacity of the ordination techniques, principal component analysis (PCA), redundancy analysis (RDA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to capture patterns of treatment effects without formal hypothesis testing. While LDA suffered from a high false positive rate due to multicollinearity, PCA, RDA, and PLS-DA were robust and PLS-DA outperformed PCA and RDA in capturing a true treatment effect pattern.ConclusionsMultivariate tests do not provide an appreciable increase in power compared to univariate techniques to detect group differences in preclinical studies. However, PLS-DA seems to be a useful ordination technique to explore treatment effect patterns without formal hypothesis testing
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF LOW LEVEL LASER TREATMENT OF ORAL MUCOSA DECUBITUS ULCERS
Decubitus ulcers in the oral mucosa tend to be very painful causing discomforting sensation in patients in speaking and eating. Low energy lasers can provide an alternative method for the treatment of these ulcers.The aim of the present paper was to assess clinically the healing effect of low level laser irradiation on oral mucosa decubitus ulcers.Material and methods: A total of 90 patients with decubitus ulcers were treated in the present study; they were randomly assigned to three groups: group I included 30 patients treated with low level laser (LLL) irradiation (wavelength of irradiation 658 nm); group II - 30 patients treated with laser irradiation of 904 nm; and group III (controls) - 30 patients who received a standard conventional treatment with "granofurin" and "solcoseryl".The treatment sessions in all three groups were administered once daily. The patients in groups I and II were irradiated with focused irradiation at an angle from a distance using a conically shaped light probe 3 mm in diameter. The irradiated area was 0.5 cm2. The light was focused on the oral mucosa ulcer and the surrounding inflamed mucosa at a distance of 0.5 to 1 cm. Diode lasers were used in the study. The dosage of irradiation was 1.2 J/cm2.Results and discussion: The treatment effect was evaluated by changes in the studied parameters: pain intensity, erythema, and epithelialization. They were assessed at baseline, and at days 1, 3 and 5. Conclusions: LLLT administered with the proposed methodology manages pain rapidly and accelerates the process of epithelialization of decubitus ulcers in the soft tissues of the mouth
Coal Share Reduction Options for Power Generation during the Energy Transition: A Bulgarian Perspective
The sustainable energy transition to a low-carbon and climate-neutral economy by 2050 requires a consistent increase in the share of renewable energy sources (RESs) at the expense of the share of fossil fuels. The coal power plants in the Republic of Bulgaria have provided about one third of the annually produced electric power for decades, utilizing mainly locally available sources of lignite. The present work aimed to review the progress of the energy transition, its rejection and acceptance at the national and international scene alongside the available research for cleaner coal combustion in Bulgaria, as well as discuss a Bulgarian perspective for coal share reduction options for power generation during the energy transition. A comprehensive review was carried out, based on freely accessible data such as research and open media articles, officially published field reports, legislative and strategic acts as well as validated statistical data. Three groups of critical gaps (socioeconomic, sociotechnical and cultural and political) were indicated, claimed to be capable of guiding the just transition. Key factors influencing the process dynamics were identified and categorized in the context of the critical gaps. The peculiar policy criteria for the carbon-intensive regions are as follows: the dominant energy carriers, existing infrastructure, involved actors and choice of strategy. The observations allowed us to conclude that in addition to the efforts achieved and ambitious political will, the identification of reliable technological and socioeconomic measures is needed more than ever (accompanied by interdisciplinary research involving the technical, social and environmental and policy factors), while renewables still have long way to go towards complete substitution of the fossil fuels for power generation, transport, and manufacturing. Limited literature was found for reducing the share of coal from currently operating Bulgarian coal-fired power plants (CFPPs). Herein, short- and/or medium-term measures for carbon emission reduction were discussed, capable of promoting the limited operation of existing CFPPs, thus paving the road towards a sustainable, long-term transition. These measures concerned the typically used power units in the largest CFPPs located at the Maritsa Iztok Mining Complex (MIMC). Analyses of the biomass production, supply and cost for the same type of power units were proposed, considering the use of 100% biomass. Estimated costs, unit efficiencies and power generation were discussed along with the evaluations about the land use, ensuring a given annual productivity of wood chips from fast growing plants, e.g., Paulownia
beeRapp: an R shiny app for automated high-throughput explorative analysis of multivariate behavioral data
Animal behavioral studies typically generate high-dimensional datasets consisting of multiple correlated outcome measures across distinct or related behavioral domains. Here, we introduce the BEhavioral Explorative analysis R shiny APP (beeRapp) that facilitates explorative and inferential analysis of behavioral data in a high-throughput fashion. By employing an intuitive and user-friendly graphical user interface, beeRapp empowers behavioral scientists without programming and data science expertise to perform clustering, dimensionality reduction, correlational and inferential statistics and produce up to thousands of high-quality output plots visualizing results in a standardized and automated way
ΠΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΡ Ρ Π²Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Steganography is a modern approach to protect classified data against malicious attacks and misuse. Presented, accordingly, in this paper is a novel method for steganographic embedding of information. A template matrix is used for screening the original message embedded in an image. The efficiency of the steganographic embedding depends on the length of the message. The particular dependency is, therefore, the primary focus of the proposed work. The end results of the experiment were extremely satisfactory with the percentage of successfully retrieved messages being more than 90%, and the size of the processed images with embedded messages being fully acceptable and capable of being used in a communication environment.Π ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ - ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ - ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π°Π»Π° Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 90%, Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅.ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ Π΄Π½Π΅Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΉ-Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ. Π’Π΅Π·ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π½ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° Π΅ Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ - ΡΡΠ΅Π· ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ. Π’Π°Π·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π° Π·Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π²Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄ 90%, Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π²Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°