169 research outputs found
Probability amplitude in quantum like games
Examples of games between two partners with mixed strategies, calculated by
the use of the probability amplitude are given. The first game is described by
the quantum formalism of spin one half system for which two noncommuting
observables are measured.
The second game corresponds to the spin one case.
Quantum logical orthocomplemented nondistributive lattices for these two
games are presented. Interference terms for the probability amplitudes are
analyzed by using so called contextual approach to probability (in the von
Mises frequency approach). We underline that our games are not based on using
of some microscopic systems. The whole scenario is macroscopic.Comment: Quantum-like model
Alexithymia and interleukin variations in somatoform disorder
Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate if somatoform disorders (SFD) are associated with changes in the normal serum levels of important interleukins, and further, to establish if these changes are related to the presence and severity of alexithymia in patients with SFD. Methods: Twenty-four unmedicated patients who met the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) diagnostic criteria for SFD completed the psychological questionnaire to assess alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale), symptom reporting (SCL-90-R) and diagnostic criteria for SFD (Screening for Somatoform Symptoms scale). Serum concentrations of soluble interleukin 2 receptor α (sIL-2 Rα), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 were determined in patients with SFD and in 9 healthy subjects. Results: In patients with SFD, serum levels of IL-6 (p < 0.001), IL-10 (p = 0.047) and immunoglobulin E (p = 0.045) were significantly increased in comparison with healthy controls. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between the level of alexithymia ('total' Toronto Alexithymia Scale score) and the serum levels of sIL-2 Rα (r = -0.538) in SFD. Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggest that SFD, with clinically significant alexithymia, are associated with a reduction in Th1-mediated immune function and an increase in the activation of the Th2 immune function, indicated by the augmented serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 and elevated immunoglobulin E. Copyright © 2007 S. Karger AG
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