Faktor Penyebab Kejadian Tuberculosis Serta Hubungannya dengan Lingkungan Tempat Tinggal di Provinsi Jaw A Tengah (Analisis Lanjut Riskesdas 2007)

Tuberculosis cases in Indonesia is about 583.000 cases every year, and 140.000 were found dead. Many factors and some problems are due to people lives in the massive and slum area, where the air circulation are vavorable to contaminated with the bacteria tuberculosis. The objective of the study is to find out the factors in relation, with tuberculosis cases and the living environment in Central Java province based on Riskesdas 2007 data. The sample from Crossectional Study design were collected based on quota, consider the proportion of suspected Tuberculosis cases in the age group of more than 15 years old. The results show that 21,8% of the productive worker age groups suffered from tuberculosis diseases. Most of the Tuberculosis cases were found from the people who live in the massive population and overcrowding 75%, compare with the people who live in non massive population 25%. Host and environmental factor with living crowded is more chance to be infected by bacteria tuberculosis compare with non crowded population

Relationship between high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) and subclinical condyloma acuminata (CA) in the cervix of high-risk women

Condyloma acuminata (CA) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by both high- and low risk human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Subclinical CA looks like a white spot after an acetic acid test. High-risk women are women who have a high risk of STIs, including CA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between high-risk HPV and subclinical CA in the cervix of high-risk women. This was a cross-sectional analytic study involving 30 high-risk women. The age, the age at first sexual intercourse, the frequency of sexual intercourse, the number of sexual partners and the use of condoms were recorded. Subclinical CA was diagnosed by the 5% acetowhite test. HPV infection was detected by PCR. Kruskal Wallis test was conducted to evaluate the relationship between variables and the results were considered to be significant if p 0.05). No significantly relationship between age at first sexual intercourse and frequency of sexual intercourse with high-risk HPV was also observed (p> 0.05), however, a significantly relationship with subclinical CA was observed (p < 0.05).  In conclusion, there is a relationship between high-risk HPV and subclinical CA in the cervix of high-risk women

Pemberdayaan Anak Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) dalam Upaya Pengenalan Tuberculosis Paru di Kabupaten Bandung Barat

Educate high school student about the dangers of tuberculosis has not been done. The tuberculosis (TB) disease is common in the community and it is contagious, while the the protection of the disease through immunization is only up to age <15 years, therefore, knowledge to the danger of the transmission of this disease needs to be communicated to the students, sothat, they can understand how to keep themselves aware and know the dangers of transmission of Tuberculosis disease. To find out whether students understand the dangers of the tuberculosis disease, the research has been done by providing information through manual intervention counseling of Tuberculosis. Before education pre and post-test of pulmonary TB disease to 900 students from high school student in West Bandung regency were conducted in the year 2009. Research methods is pre and post test quesionair about tuberculosis, counseling intervention using manual tuberculosis, knowledge and ways of disease prevention. Research design is Quasy Experiment with control group. The result of the study shows a significant increase of knowledge of the student in all three high school student in West Bandung regency, 45% of students in Cililin got their knowledge through books and counseling, and 35% of the student in Cikalong Wetan through-pulmonary TB education course, and only 20% of the student in Padalarang as a control goup got the knowledge from the explanation of TB disease only. The difference of improving those knowledge occur in phases. The differences is also affected by the model of education. Apparently, counseling and motivational text books to the students is one of the most high, usable and useful for improving students knowledge of the tuberculosis diseases. Key words:Tuberculosis, High School,Counseling. Abstrak Penyuluhan kepada siswa-siswi sekolah tentang bahaya penyakit tuberculosis belum banyak dilakukan, mengingat penyakit tuberculosis (TB) merupakan penyakit yang banyak ditemukan di masyarakat dan mudah menular, sedangkan proteksi penyakit melalui imunisasi hanya sampai usia <15 tahun, oleh sebab itu pengetahuan tentang bahaya penularan penyakit ini perlu dan baik disampaikan kepada murid sekolah, agar mereka mengerti cara menjaga diri serta mengetahui bahaya penularan penyakit TB-paru. Untuk mengetahui apakah siswa-siswi mengerti bahaya penyakit tuberculosis, maka dilakukan penelitian dengan memberikan penyuluhan melalui intervensi buku pedoman penyakit Tuberculosis.Sebelum penyuluhan dilakukan pre dan post test tentang penyakit TB-paru kepada siswa-siswi 900 orang dari SMAN di Kabupeten Bandung Barat pada tahun 2009. Metode penelitian pre dan post test kuesioner tentang tuberculosis, intervensi penyuluhan menggunakan buku pedoman tuberculosis pengetahuan dan cara pencegahan penyakit. Disain penelitian Quasy Experiment dengan kontrol group. Hasil Penelitian memperlihatkan peningkatan pengetahuan secara bermagna pada ketiga buah SMAN di Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Sebesar 45% siswa/i di Cililin melalui buku dan penyuluhan, dan 35% melalui penyuluhan TB-paru saja pada siswa/i di Cikalong Wetan, dan terendah sebesar 20% pada kelompok kontrol pada siswa/i di Padalarang hanya penjelasan tentang penyakit TB saja. Perbedaan peningkatan pengetahuan ini terjadi berjenjang, masalah ini juga dipengaruhi oleh model penyuluhan. Ternyata penyuluhan dengan buku pedoman dan motivasi kepada siswa-siswi adalah salah satu yang paling tinggi dan bermanfaat serta berguna untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa/i tentang penyakit Tuberculosis. Kata kunci: Tuberculosis, Anak Sekolah Menengah Atas, Penyuluhan

Evaluative Study of Lecturer Competence in the Department of XYZ in Insitut Agama Kristen Negeri Tarutung

As providers of educational services, lecturers play a crucial role in tertiary institutions' operations. If lecturers possess legal competencies, tertiary institutions can perform well. This study aims to map the competence of lecturers in the XYZ study program, identify obstacles to developing lecturers' competence, and then offer suggestions for improving lecturers' competence. This study utilizes successive logical blended techniques (blend strategies consecutive illustrative). 72 students who were taught by lecturers (subjects) participated in the survey. Subjects, specifically three XYZ concentrate on program speakers, were then led to top-to-bottom meetings to have the option to recognize hindrances in the advancement of teacher abilities. The review and interview results were broken down to acquire research information. The consequences of the review show that the planning of speaker capabilities in the XYZ Study Program shows that the typical teacher skill is 67.07 where this worth is in the medium class. competence in education, with an average score of 59.92. Competence in the workplace, with an average score of 63.17. With an average score of 62.01, social competence is 61.07 social competence This leads us to the conclusion that, out of the four competencies, professional competence has the highest average, and pedagogical competence has the lowest average. Speakers face different impediments in creating academic, expert, character, and social abilities. These different deterrents come from inside the teachers, understudies, and the foundation

Community Perception in Preventing Cases of COVID-19 in Bogor City in 2020

The COVID-19 outbreak of a coronavirus that causes illness shocked the world. Health precautions must be implemented to limit the number of COVID-19 cases or prevent transmission. This study aims to ascertain the public's perception of the COVID-19 case in the community. This report is one of the findings of a survey of the association between comorbidities and preventative behavior in COVID-19 cases, specifically public perceptions of COVID-19 cases in Bogor city. This study took place from March through the end of September 2020. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews utilizing a guideline developed based on the parameters of a qualitative study. The prior recommendations were validated, and the data was represented using transcripts and a data matrix to aid in the descriptive data analysis. According to a study on public views of COVID-19, individuals realize the risks they face if they do not adhere to the government's health protocols. According to quantitative data, the proper use of masks when outside the home is only 18.0%, the correct use of hand sanitizers is 26.2%, the correct use of soap is 80.3%, the proper use of hand sanitizers is 90.2%, and the correct coughing and sneezing behavior is 60.7%. In general, research data findings have not been encouraging for COVID-19 prevention; therefore, you will be prone to COVID-19 infection if you disregard health regulations, particularly by correctly wearing masks. As a result, in general, the findings of public perception have not been able to diminish the number of COVID-19 instances

Association of diabetes, smoking, and alcohol use with subclinical-to-symptomatic spectrum of tuberculosis in 16 countries: an individual participant data meta-analysis of national tuberculosis prevalence surveys

Summary Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and NCD risk factors, such as smoking, increase the risk for tuberculosis (TB). Data are scarce on the risk of prevalent TB associated with these factors in the context of population-wide systematic screening and on the association between NCDs and NCD risk factors with different manifestations of TB, where ∼50% being asymptomatic but bacteriologically positive (subclinical). We did an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of national and sub-national TB prevalence surveys to synthesise the evidence on the risk of symptomatic and subclinical TB in people with NCDs or risk factors, which could help countries to plan screening activities. Methods In this systematic review and IPD meta-analysis, we identified eligible prevalence surveys in low-income and middle-income countries that reported at least one NCD (e.g., diabetes) or NCD risk factor (e.g., smoking, alcohol use) through the archive maintained by the World Health Organization and by searching in Medline and Embase from January 1, 2000 to August 10, 2021. The search was updated on March 23, 2023. We performed a one-stage meta-analysis using multivariable multinomial models. We estimated the proportion of and the odds ratio for subclinical and symptomatic TB compared to people without TB for current smoking, alcohol use, and self-reported diabetes, adjusted for age and gender. Subclinical TB was defined as microbiologically confirmed TB without symptoms of current cough, fever, night sweats, or weight loss and symptomatic TB with at least one of these symptoms. We assessed heterogeneity using forest plots and I2 statistic. Missing variables were imputed through multi-level multiple imputation. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021272679). Findings We obtained IPD from 16 national surveys out of 21 national and five sub-national surveys identified (five in Asia and 11 in Africa, N = 740,815). Across surveys, 15.1%–56.7% of TB were subclinical (median: 38.1%). In the multivariable model, current smoking was associated with both subclinical (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.27–2.40) and symptomatic TB (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.34–1.66). Self-reported diabetes was associated with symptomatic TB (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.17–2.40) but not with subclinical TB (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.55–1.55). For alcohol drinking ≥ twice per week vs no alcohol drinking, the estimates were imprecise (OR 1.59, 95% CI 0.70–3.62) for subclinical TB and OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.59–3.46 for symptomatic TB). For the association between current smoking and symptomatic TB, I2 was high (76.5% (95% CI 62.0–85.4), while the direction of the point estimates was consistent except for three surveys with wide CIs. Interpretation Our findings suggest that current smokers are more likely to have both symptomatic and subclinical TB. These individuals can, therefore, be prioritised for intensified screening, such as the use of chest X-ray in the context of community-based screening. People with self-reported diabetes are also more likely to have symptomatic TB, but the association is unclear for subclinical TB

Tobacco smoking clusters in households affected by tuberculosis in an individual participant data meta-analysis of national tuberculosis prevalence surveys: Time for household-wide interventions?

Tuberculosis (TB) and non-communicable diseases (NCD) share predisposing risk factors. TB-associated NCD might cluster within households affected with TB requiring shared prevention and care strategies. We conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis of national TB prevalence surveys to determine whether NCD cluster in members of households with TB. We identified eligible surveys that reported at least one NCD or NCD risk factor through the archive maintained by the World Health Organization and searching in Medline and Embase from 1 January 2000 to 10 August 2021, which was updated on 23 March 2023. We compared the prevalence of NCD and their risk factors between people who do not have TB living in households with at least one person with TB (members of households with TB), and members of households without TB. We included 16 surveys (n = 740,815) from Asia and Africa. In a multivariable model adjusted for age and gender, the odds of smoking was higher among members of households with TB (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.23; 95% CI: 1.11–1.38), compared with members of households without TB. The analysis did not find a significant difference in the prevalence of alcohol drinking, diabetes, hypertension, or BMI between members of households with and without TB. Studies evaluating household-wide interventions for smoking to reduce its dual impact on TB and NCD may be warranted. Systematically screening for NCD using objective diagnostic methods is needed to understand the actual burden of NCD and inform comprehensive interventions

Association of diabetes, smoking, and alcohol use with subclinical-to-symptomatic spectrum of tuberculosis in 16 countries: an individual participant data meta-analysis of national tuberculosis prevalence surveys

Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and NCD risk factors, such as smoking, increase the risk for tuberculosis (TB). Data are scarce on the risk of prevalent TB associated with these factors in the context of population-wide systematic screening and on the association between NCDs and NCD risk factors with different manifestations of TB, where ∼50% being asymptomatic but bacteriologically positive (subclinical). We did an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of national and sub-national TB prevalence surveys to synthesise the evidence on the risk of symptomatic and subclinical TB in people with NCDs or risk factors, which could help countries to plan screening activities. Methods In this systematic review and IPD meta-analysis, we identified eligible prevalence surveys in low-income and middle-income countries that reported at least one NCD (e.g., diabetes) or NCD risk factor (e.g., smoking, alcohol use) through the archive maintained by the World Health Organization and by searching in Medline and Embase from January 1, 2000 to August 10, 2021. The search was updated on March 23, 2023. We performed a one-stage meta-analysis using multivariable multinomial models. We estimated the proportion of and the odds ratio for subclinical and symptomatic TB compared to people without TB for current smoking, alcohol use, and self-reported diabetes, adjusted for age and gender. Subclinical TB was defined as microbiologically confirmed TB without symptoms of current cough, fever, night sweats, or weight loss and symptomatic TB with at least one of these symptoms. We assessed heterogeneity using forest plots and I2 statistic. Missing variables were imputed through multi-level multiple imputation. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021272679). Findings We obtained IPD from 16 national surveys out of 21 national and five sub-national surveys identified (five in Asia and 11 in Africa, N = 740,815). Across surveys, 15.1%–56.7% of TB were subclinical (median: 38.1%). In the multivariable model, current smoking was associated with both subclinical (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.27–2.40) and symptomatic TB (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.34–1.66). Self-reported diabetes was associated with symptomatic TB (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.17–2.40) but not with subclinical TB (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.55–1.55). For alcohol drinking ≥ twice per week vs no alcohol drinking, the estimates were imprecise (OR 1.59, 95% CI 0.70–3.62) for subclinical TB and OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.59–3.46 for symptomatic TB). For the association between current smoking and symptomatic TB, I2 was high (76.5% (95% CI 62.0–85.4), while the direction of the point estimates was consistent except for three surveys with wide CIs. Interpretation Our findings suggest that current smokers are more likely to have both symptomatic and subclinical TB. These individuals can, therefore, be prioritised for intensified screening, such as the use of chest X-ray in the context of community-based screening. People with self-reported diabetes are also more likely to have symptomatic TB, but the association is unclear for subclinical TB

FAKTOR PENYEBAB KEJADIAN TUBERCULOSIS SERTA HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN LINGKUNGAN TEMPAT TINGGAL DI PROVINSI JAW A TENGAH (Analisis Lanjut Riskesdas 2007)

Tuberculosis cases in Indonesia is about 583.000 cases every year, and 140.000 were found dead. Many factors and some problems are due to people lives in the massive and slum area, where the air circulation are vavorable to contaminated with the bacteria tuberculosis. The objective of the study is to find out the factors in relation, with tuberculosis cases and the living environment in Central Java province based on Riskesdas 2007 data. The sample from Crossectional Study design were collected based on quota, consider the proportion of suspected Tuberculosis cases in the age group of more than 15 years old. The results show that 21,8% of the productive worker age groups suffered from tuberculosis diseases. Most of the Tuberculosis cases were found from the people who live in the massive population and overcrowding 75%, compare with the people who live in non massive population 25%. Host and environmental factor with living crowded is more chance to be infected by bacteria tuberculosis compare with non crowded population