Study on legislation of organic products quality

Consumers' demand for organic food has steadily increased in recent years. Operators who produce, process, storage, trading and/or import from a third country certified organic food and/or in conversion period, before placing them on the market must undergo the activity of production unit/farm to the inspection/certification system. Inspection and certification bodies accredited by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development carry out inspections and issue certificates for organic farmers. Certificates attest to compliance with national and international standards governing organic farming and quality of products. The world's most important organization, the International Federation of Organic Farming Movements (IFOAM), has developed the first standards of organic food production and processing in 1980, which it has developed in collaboration with its UN partners, the Organization for Food and Agriculture (FAO), the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the United Nations Trade and Development Conference (UNCTAD), becoming the IFOAM Family of Standards. It is known as COROS (Common Objectives and Requirements of Organic Standards). These standards currently include production standards with major regulations in EU Regulation 834/2007, as well as other standards, about 50, among which the most important ones are: the US National Organic Program, Japan Standards for Agriculture, and others. Also, in 2005, the ISO 22000 "Food Safety Management Systems - Requirements for any organization in the food chain" was developed and approved as the first international standard for Food Safety Management System. In this context, this paper presents the results of a study on the regulation of the organic products quality

The effects on the economy and environment caused by electric cars compared to the conventional ones

From year to year, the environment situation is worsening at an alarming rate. Air pollution has reached record levels, which is why ozone layer have come to be seriously affected. All these aspects lead to the warming of Earth and had a negative impact on people’s health. Therefore, humanity has begun to focus more and more on remedying these adverse effects through various methods, which are more or less effective. In the case of CO2 emissions that are higher than ever, the solution is a very complex one and difficult to achieve. For this reason, various alternatives have appeared: electric cars, hybrid cars, as well as those with hydrogen, compressed natural gas and bioethanol. Since electric cars are the first choice as an alternative and they have shown a great potential, the purpose of this paper is to present whether or not this alternative is really a “greener” choice or not. To achieve this purpose, a literature review and a data analysis provided by Eurostat, U.S. Department of Energy and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries were performed. The results of this study highlight that the sustainability of the electric cars is influenced by the geographical area where they are used

In Vitro Preparation And Testing Of Anti-Salmonella Vaccine Against Abortion In Sheep

Abstract: In March 2016, the microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca, 3 type of antisalmonella vaccine for sheep were prepared. For type 1, 24 hours salmonella on brain heart infusion (BHI) broth culture, heat inactivated for 1 hour at 60°C, then with formaldehyde in a concentration of 3 ‰. Variant 2 - the culture supernatant obtained on solid BHI medium, washed with PBS, frozen-thawed 6 times, centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 minutes, filtered through 0.2 μm Millipore filter Orange Scientific. Variant 3 - suspension of cell walls remaining after centrifugation suspended in PBS and inactivated with formaldehyde.After the bacterial and fungal sterility control, the three types of vaccine were administered in rabbits by the subcutaneous route at a dose of 1 ml/individual along with 1 ml of plant extract adjuvant (decoction of Ewernia prunastri) sterilized by filtration.There have been two booster inoculations of the initial administration, 7 and 14 days after. Before each dose of vaccine, blood was sampled from the marginal auricular vein in order to control the immunogenicity by anti-somatic ˮOˮ serum antibody (Ab) titration using slow microplate agglutination test (Widal reaction). After three inoculations with the vaccine variant 1, Ab serum titer reached 1/128, and in types 2 and 3, 1/512 after 2 inoculations, decreasing to 1/256 after the second booster administered with no immunomodulator

Biomimetic Tizian 'table tops' analyzed with swept source optical coherence tomography

"Table tops"/occlusal veneers are partial crowns that allow for the biomimetic restoration of worn teeth in bruxing patients. The biomimetic approach includes a CAD/CAM composite resin for the manufacturing of the "table tops", for example Tizian, which is a zirconia reinforced composite (Schutz Dental Group). In the present study we prove the value of a fast swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system in the evaluation of the marginal fit of Tizian "table tops". 12 maxillary first premolars were extracted and minimally invasive prepared for "table tops". The Tizian "table tops" were then adhesively cemented on the natural teeth with Variolink II (Ivoclar Vivadent). A SS-OCT system has been used to evaluate the marginal and internal adaptation of Tizian "table tops". The SS (Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA) has a central wavelength of 1060 nm, a sweeping range 106 nm (quoted at 10 dB), and a 100 kHz line rate. The depth resolution of the system, measured experimentally in air was 10 ?m. The same samples were analyzed by using a micro-computed tomography (?CT) system, in order cu confirm the data obtained by using OCT. The imaging system used for this study offers good spatial resolutions in both directions, transversal and longitudinal, of around 10 ?m, a high sensitivity, and it is also able to acquire entire 3D volumes as fast as 2.5 s. Once the full dataset has been acquired, rendered high resolutions en-face projections could be produced. With it, the "table top" – cement – abutment tooth interfaces were observed on both C-scans as 2D images and also in the 3D reconstructions; the system was able to detect several open interfaces, which were confirmed on the ?CT i mages. The SS-OCT system allows for an efficient evaluation of biomimetic Tizian "table tops"

Visualización mediante tecnología web de datos neurocientíficos

El cerebro humano es el órgano más complejo y a la vez, el más desconocido que poseen los seres humanos. Este órgano define los rasgos de personalidad, el pensamiento, las emociones y las memorias, y todo aquello que define a un ser humano como persona. Sin embargo, su estructura, organización y funcionamiento aún suponen un gran desafío para la comunidad científica. Gracias a los últimos avances de las diferentes instituciones neurocientíficas, potenciadas por el progreso de la tecnología, esta meta está más cerca que nunca. Dentro de este ámbito, en los últimos años han surgido numerosas iniciativas para intentar acercarse a esta meta. "The Human Brain Project", "Blue Brain Project" o el "Brain Iniatiative" son algunos de los proyectos que han intentado aunar el conocimiento de diferentes instituciones pertenecientes a un alto rango de disciplinas, para el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas y tecnologías para el estudio del cerebro humano. Entre estos proyectos, el Human Brain Project destaca como uno de los mayores proyectos de investigación financiado por la Unión Europea, siendo a su vez el marco en el que se desarrolla el presente trabajo de fin de grado. La finalidad de este TFG consiste en la mejora de las representaciones existentes en MSPViz para su adaptación a los principios de visualización, así como, la creación de nuevas vistas y representaciones de carácter neurocientífico destinadas a la visualización de datos provenientes de simulaciones de modelos de plasticidad estructural. Junto con este desarrollo, se ha mejorado la herramienta MSPViz y se han creado nuevas rutas de análisis dentro de la misma.---ABSTRACT---The human brain is the most complex organ and at the same time the one that is still mostly unknown. It defines our personality, our thoughts, our emotions and memories, and everything else that shapes the human being as a person. Nevertheless, its structure, organization and operation still constitute a challenge for the scientific community nowadays. Due to the ultimate progress of different neuroscientific institutions and the development of new technology this goal is closer than ever. Within this field and in the recent years there have emerged different initiatives with the aim of getting closer to reach that knowledge. “The Human Brain Project”, “Blue Brain Project” or “Brain Initiative” are some of the projects that have tried to blend in information from a wide range of sources and institutions, in order to develop new techniques and technology able to study the human brain. Within those projects, The Human Brain Project stands out as one of the biggest investigation project funded by the European Union. The present study has been developed as a part of this wider and aspiring project. The aim of this study consists in an improvement of the already existent representations in MSPViz in order to adapt them to the visualization principles, and the creation of new views and neuroscientific representations destined to visualize data from simulations of structural plasticity models. Along with this development, the MSPViz tool has been improved, creating new routes of analysis within itself

An Immunohistochemical Study of Gastric Mucosa and Critical Review Indicate That the Subepithelial Telocytes Are Prelymphatic Endothelial Cells

Background and Objectives: There are only a few studies regarding gut subepithelial telocytes (TCs). The telopodes, namely peculiar TCs’ prolongations described on two-dimensional cuts, are not enough to differentiate this specific cell type. Subepithelial TCs were associated with the intestinal stem niche but a proper differential diagnosis with lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) was not performed. In this study, we will also critically review studies suggesting that distinctive TCs could be positioned within the lamina propria. Materials and Methods: We performed an immunohistochemical study of human gastric mucosa to test the expression of D2-40, the lymphatic marker, as well as that of CD31, CD34, CD44, CD117/c-kit, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and vimentin in the gastric subepithelial niche. Results: The results support the poorly investigated anatomy of intramural gastric lymphatics, with circumferential collectors located on both sides of the muscularis mucosae (mucosal and then submucosal) and myenteric collectors in the muscularis propria. We also found superficial epithelial prelymphatic channels bordered by D2-40+ but CD31–TC-like cells. Deep epithelial lymphatic collectors drain in collectors within the lamina propria. Blood endothelial cells expressed CD31, CD34, CD44, and vimentin. Conclusions: Therefore, the positive diagnosis of TC for subepithelial CD34+ cells should be regarded with caution, as they could also be artefacts, resulting from the two-dimensional examination of three dimensional structures, or as LECs. Lymphatic markers should be routinely used to discriminate TCs from LECs

InTool Explorer: An Interactive Exploratory Analysis Tool for Versatile Visualizations of Neuroscientific Data

The bottleneck for progress in many research areas within neuroscience has shifted from the data acquisition to the data analysis stages. In the present article, we propose a method named InTool Explorer that we have developed to perform interactive exploratory data analysis, focusing on neuroanatomy as an example of its utility. This tool is freely-available software that has been designed to facilitate the study of complex neuroscience data. InTool Explorer requires no more than an internet connection and a web browser. The main contribution of this tool is to provide a user-designed canvas for data visualization and interaction, to perform specific exploratory tasks according to the user needs. Moreover, InTool Explorer permits visualization of the datasets in a very dynamic and versatile way using a linked-card approach. For this purpose, the tool allows the user to select among different predefined card types. Each card type offers an abstract data representation, a filtering tool or a set of statistical analysis methods. Additionally, InTool Explorer makes it possible linking raw images to the data. These images can be used by InTool Explorer to define new customized filtering cards. Another significant contribution of this tool is that it allows fast visualization of the data, error finding, and re-evaluation to establish new hypotheses or new lines of research. Thus, regarding its practical application in the laboratory, InTool Explorer provides a new opportunity to study and analyze neuroscience data prior to any statistical analysis being carried out.This work was supported by grants from the following entities:(1) the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities:SAF 2015-66603-P, TIN2017-83132-C2, and the Cajal BlueBrain Project, Spanish partner of the Blue Brain Projectinitiative from EPFL (Switzerland); (2) Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED,Spain, CB06/05/0066); (3) the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program under specific GrantAgreement No. 720270 (Human Brain Project SGA1) and No.785907 (Human Brain Project SGA2); and (4) UniversidadPolitécnica de Madrid (PINV-18-XEOGHQ-19-4QTEBP)