Skala proliferacji broni jądrowej w okresie zimnej wojny oraz jej wpływ na bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe

During the Cold War constructing nuclear weapons was extremely expensive, which limited the possibility of having it, only to the world’s economic powers. The first owners of the destructive, nuclear technology was: United States and Soviet Union. In the meantime of the US-Soviet nuclear technology race, the role of other countries continued to grow. In this second category race, initially, at the forefront was United Kingdom. This situation changed, when China and France joined the race. In subsequent years, the nuclear club expanded by Israel, India, Pakistan and South Africa and the nuclear weapons stockpile continued to grow, exceeding a level of more than 65,000 in 1986. It is said that nuclear potential saved global community from the U.S. and the Soviet Union using it against each other, instead triggering a substitute wars, in third world countries. However, declarative support for various nonproliferation initiatives, as it took place in the years 1945-1991, often do not have the impact on the reduction of the real threats of proliferation and usage of weapons of mass destruction. No doubt the nuclear potential developed by Islamic Republic of Iran, or Kim Jong-un’s aspirations that are posing a threat to international securityPodczas zimnej wojny skonstruowanie broni nuklearnej było bardzo kosztowne, co ograniczało możliwość jej posiadania tylko do potęg gospodarczych. Pierwszymi dysponentami destrukcyjnej technologii jądrowej były Stany Zjednoczone i ZSRR. Pomimo tego, w międzyczasie amerykańsko-radzieckiego wyścigu technologii jądrowej, rola innych krajów wciąż rosła. W tym wyścigu drugiej kategorii, początkowo, na czele stała Wielka Brytania. Sytuacja ta zmieniła się, gdy do wyścigu włączył się Pekin oraz Francja. W kolejnych latach do klub atomowego dołączyły: Izrael, Indie, Pakistan i RPA, a zasoby nuklearne wciąż rosły, by w 1986 roku przekroczyć poziom 65 tys. głowic. Mówi się, że to potencjał jądrowy uchronił jednak przed wzajemnym atakiem USA i Związek Radziecki, wywołując jednak wojny zastępcze, w państwach trzecic

Efektywność międzynarodowych reżimów nieproliferacji broni biologicznej i chemicznej

International non-proliferation regimes will only be effective when the efforts of the signatories of international agreements, regional or bilateral will be increased, because declarative expression of support for the various forms of initiatives of the international community often end up at this level, as shown by the cases of chemical weapons use in the Syrian Civil War. The main aim of this article is to show the management problems of global non-proliferation regimes of biological and chemical weapons. The authors made a comparative analysis of two non-proliferation regimes. This combination helped to achieve the second objective of the article, which is to identify the major challenges and threats generated by these regimes, which allowed the formulation of the conclusion that in order to strengthen them, the international community must take comprehensive action, including reducing the threat of terrorist organizations

Dawkomierze radioterapeutyczne stosowane w Centrum Onkologii w Warszawie w latach 1932–2000

PurposePresentation of characteristics, construction, functioning and clinical applications of radiotherapy dosimeters which were in use at the Centre of Oncology during the period 1932-2000, since the opening of the Radium Institute at the Wawelska Street in Warsaw.Material and methodsVarious dosimeters used at the Centre of Oncology, still in the possession of the Medical Physics Department, together with additional accessories and old measurement protocols are presented. A method of selective discription of various physical parameters, elements of construction and principles of functioning was applied, in order to be able to compare various dosimeters and highlight the similarities and differences.ResultsDetailed descriptions were prepared for all dosimeters, together with photographs, and schematic illustrations of their construction and circuitry.SummaryThe present study consisting of a series of dosimeter descriptions is a unique material concerning the dosimetry equipment in use in poland over the last 70 years. It is one of very few such studies in Europe.CelOpracowanie miało na celu przedstawienie charakterystyki urządzenia, opisów budowy, działania i obsługi oraz zastosowań klinicznych dawkomierzy radioterapeutycznych stosowanych w Centrum Onkologii W Warszawie w latach od 1932 do 2000, to jest od początku istnienia Instytutu Radowego w Warszawie przy ul. Wawelskiej.Materiał i metodyMateriał stanowiły gromadzone latami dawkomierze używane w Zakładzie Radioterapii i Zakładzie Fizyki Medycznej, dodatkowe wyposażenie dozymetryczne, dokumentacja techniczna i protokóły z pomiarów dawek. Przyjęto selektywny opis wybranych parametrów fizycznych aparatury w celu wyeksponowania podobieństw i różnic między przedstawianymi dawkomierzami.WynikiPrzygotowano opisy dla wszystkich prezentowanych dawkomierzy zawierające możliwie pełną użytkową charakterystykę urządzenia dla zaznajomienia czytelnika z różnorodnością występujących rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych i kierunkami rozwoju dozymetrii. Całość zilustrowano fotografiami aparatury i jej przekrojami technicznymi oraz schematami połączeń.PodsumowaniePrzygotowane opracowanie będzie stanowiło unikalny materiał dotyczący praktycznie całej aparatury dozymetrycznej używanej w polskiej onkologii w okresie ostatnich 70 lat. Opracowanie to będzie również jednym z nielicznych w Europie

Does a gluten-free diet result in nutritional deficiencies? – a review of literature

Introduction and purpose: Gluten-free diet have gained immense popularity in recent years, both as a treatment for coeliac disease and as a lifestyle choice for those who believe it is healthier. However, concerns have been raised about potential nutrient inadequacies resulting from the elimination of gluten-containing grains. The purpose of this review is to assess the state of knowledge regarding the impact of a gluten-free diet on nutritional status. Materials and methods: A comprehensive search was conducted using electronic database PubMed to identify relevant studies published between 1999 and 2022. Keywords such as "gluten-free diet" and "nutritional deficiencies" were used in combination with Boolean operators to refine the search. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Analysis of studies revealed that individuals adhering to a gluten-free diet may be at risk of nutritional deficiencies including micronutrients such as vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B complex along with minerals, in particular iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium as well as fibre. Furthermore, higher levels of fat and sugar were observed in the composition of gluten-free products. Conclusions: Based on the current body of literature, it is evident that a gluten-free diet results in certain nutritional deficiencies. Individuals following gluten-free diet should be aware of potential risks and take appropriate measures to ensure a well-balanced and nutrient-rich diet. Nutritional guidance should be provided to individuals to address specific nutrient deficiencies associated with a gluten-free diet

Depression - the first symptom of a brain tumor or a consequence of the process neoplastic process - a review of the literature

Introduction and objective CNS malignancies account for about 1.6% of all diseases today. In people diagnosed with abrain tumor with a poor prognosis, we often see disorders from the psychiatric spectrum,most often depressive disorders. In this paper, we want to focus on whether depression occursas a sequel to cancer or perhaps is the first of the symptoms of a CNS tumor. Review methods For the analysis, the PubMed medical database was searched, and articles containing studiesand case reports of people with CNS tumor and depressive disorders that occurred eitherbefore diagnosis or at any time during the course of the disease were selected Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge CNS tumors produce symptoms such as epilepsy, visual disturbances, paresis, but alsobehavioral disorders. This is determined by the location of the tumor. Depression is a mentaldisorder manifested mainly by lowered mood. This disorder can coexist with tumorsoccurring in the frontal lobe or be present regardless of the location of the tumor, in peoplediagnosed with a tumor with a poor prognosis. Summary Analyzing the selected articles, we see that in people who were diagnosed with a tumorlocated in the frontal lobe, often the first symptom was depressive disorders, which evenpreceded neurological symptoms. When depression is diagnosed, appearing suddenly andrefractory to treatment, one should consider whether there is an underlying pathologicallesion in the CNS. Unfortunately, there are no specific guidelines for imaging studies indepressive disorders. People who suffer from malignant tumors with a poor prognosis shouldbe cared for by a psychologist, because as the disease progresses, the symptoms worsen,affecting the prognosis