ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА УЧЕБНЫХ ТЕКСТОВ: МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ И ОЦЕНКА ТРУДНОСТИ ДЛЯ ДЕТЕЙ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ УЧЕБНИКОВ

Background: The understandability and readability of the text are significant indicators of evaluation of textbooks. Objective: The aim of the study — rationale of improving the readability and understandability of textbooks. Methods: 60 modern textbooks for 5–11th classes on History, Physics, Biology and 23 textbooks of 1960–1980’s edition. Flesch index was used to assess the readability, Fogh index — to evaluate understandability. Results: The readability and understandability of texts in textbooks of 1960–1980’s and modern editions have no differences and show the same complexity of old and modern textbooks for students. The indicator of understandability of textbooks for primary classes corresponds to age norm and is 4.4±0.2 points. The indicator of readability for these books is less age norm and is 53.8±2.9 points, which increases the physiological cost of educational activities of children of primary school age. Children’s readability and understandability of school textbooks are a significant factor of intensity of training activities and can be objectively assessed by Flesch and Fogh indices, that it is appropriate for an objective hygienic assessment of the tension of the educational activities for children. Conclusion: The main direction of optimization of the tension of educational activity is to reduce the intellectual and emotional loads in children by increasing the easiness of reading textbooks due to their compliance with the age peculiarities of students.  Понимаемость и удобочитаемость (легкость чтения) текста — значимые признаки оценки учебников. Цель исследования: обосновать совершенствование удобочитаемости и понимаемости текстов учебников. Методы: изучено 60 современных учебников для 1–11-х классов по истории, физике, биологии, а также 23 учебника, изданные в 1960–1980 гг. Для оценки удобочитаемости использовали показатель Флеша, для оценки понимаемости — индекс Фога. Результаты: удобочитаемость и понимаемость текстов учебников 1960–1980-х гг. и современных изданий не отличается, что свидетельствует об одинаковой сложности для обучающихся старых и современных учебников. Показатель понимаемости учебников для начальных классов соответствует возрастной норме и составляет 4,4±0,2 балла. Показатель легкости чтения этих учебников меньше возрастной нормы и равен 53,8±2,9 балла, что повышает физиологическую стоимость учебной деятельности детей младшего школьного возраста. Удобочитаемость и понимаемость детьми текстов школьных учебников — значимый фактор напряженности учебной деятельности. Он может быть объективно оценен с помощью показателя Флеша и индекса Фога, что целесообразно для объективной гигиенической оценки напряженности учебной деятельности детей. Заключение: основным направлением оптимизации напряженности учебной деятельности является снижение интеллектуальных и эмоциональных нагрузок у детей путем повышения легкости чтения школьных учебников за счет их соответствия возрастным особенностям обучающихся.

Distinct germline genetic susceptibility profiles identified for common non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes

Lymphoma risk is elevated for relatives with common non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes, suggesting shared genetic susceptibility across subtypes. To evaluate the extent of mutual heritability among NHL subtypes and discover novel loci shared among subtypes, we analyzed data from eight genome-wide association studies within the InterLymph Consortium, including 10,629 cases and 9505 controls. We utilized Association analysis based on SubSETs (ASSET) to discover loci for subsets of NHL subtypes and evaluated shared heritability across the genome using Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) and polygenic risk scores. We discovered 17 genome-wide significant loci (P < 5 × 10−8) for subsets of NHL subtypes, including a novel locus at 10q23.33 (HHEX) (P = 3.27 × 10−9). Most subset associations were driven primarily by only one subtype. Genome-wide genetic correlations between pairs of subtypes varied broadly from 0.20 to 0.86, suggesting substantial heterogeneity in the extent of shared heritability among subtypes. Polygenic risk score analyses of established loci for different lymphoid malignancies identified strong associations with some NHL subtypes (P < 5 × 10−8), but weak or null associations with others. Although our analyses suggest partially shared heritability and biological pathways, they reveal substantial heterogeneity among NHL subtypes with each having its own distinct germline genetic architecture

The problem of food safety in modern conditions

The proportion of local food in the Republic of Buryatia according to the criteria of a minimum permissible self-sufficiency rate (lim) approved by the Doctrine indicates that the Republic provides only 46.1% of local meat and meat products production for its needs (in the Russian Federation it is 74.6% with the required level of 85%). There is an increase in the share of imported meat and meat products from 30.1% to 57.5%. As for the potato availability it is fully satisfied, and over-indexes the consumption level of 74% (in the Russian Federation it is 2%). During the analyzed period the eggs and egg products production in the Republic was increased by 11%, the volume of imported products was increased by 1.7 times, self-sufficiency rate is 33.1%. There is a low self-sufficiency rate of fruits and berries - 10.6% and in the Russian Federation - 33%. The volume of imported vegetable products increased by 2.5 times mainly due to the imported products. The self-sufficiency rate of in the Republic of Buryatia was 70.8%, in Russia it is 80.5%. For the food safety integrated assessment of the Republic of Buryatia a normalized indicator was calculated. It takes into account the local products hurdles in the commodity total volume for the food main types that is 49.9%. The food safety in the Republic of Buryatia is estimated as low due to the total absence of some producing: vegoil, sugar, meat, fish, fruits and vegetables. © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved

Сахарный диабет и дисфункция щитовидной железы, в том числе аутоиммунного генеза. Взаимное влияние патологий

Thyroid disease, including autoimmune genesis, and diabetes mellitus are the two most common endocrine diseases in clinical practice. These pathologies have a mutual influence on each other. On the one hand, thyroid hormones are involved in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism: excessive production of thyroid hormones is associated with hyperglycemia, while hypothyroidism has a decreased level of glucose production by the liver. On the other hand, glucose homeostasis disorder affects the functional state of the thyroid gland: dystrophic, sclerotic and atrophic processes are developing in thyroid gland, what is a manifestation of diabetic microangiopathy. This article demonstrates the need to take into account the mutual influence of pathologies for optimal treatment of this conditions.Заболевания щитовидной железы, в том числе аутоиммунного генеза, и сахарный диабет являются двумя наиболее распространенными эндокринными нарушениями, встречающимися в клинической практике. Данные патологии оказывают взаимное влияние друг на друга. С одной стороны, гормоны щитовидной железы участвуют в регуляции углеводного обмена: избыточная продукция тиреоидных гормонов ассоциирована с гипергликемией, в то время как при гипотиреозе наблюдается сниженный уровень продукции глюкозы печенью. С другой стороны, нарушение в гомеостазе глюкозы воздействует на функциональное состояние щитовидной железы: в органе развиваются дистрофические, склеротические и атрофические процессы, что представляет собой проявление диабетической микроангиопатии. Данная статья демонстрирует необходимость учета взаимного влияния патологий для оптимального лечения этих состояний

Safety and immunogenicity of the gamtbvac, the recombinant subunit tuberculosis vaccine candidate: A phase II, multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study

GamTBvac is a candidate tuberculosis vaccine with two fusion proteins, containing Ag85a, ESAT6, CFP10, and a dextran-binding domain (DBD). Phase II of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled study in parallel groups in healthy adults to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of GamTBvac in 180 previously-vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine (BCG) healthy volunteers without Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection was conducted. The dose (0.5 mL) of either the study drug or a placebo was administered subcutaneously twice with an 8-week interval. At eight timepoints from 14 to 150 days, whole blood and sera were assayed. Antigen-specific T-cell responses were measured by an in-house interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA-test), the QuantiFERON (QTF) test, and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS). For antibody response detection, the bead-based multiplex immunoassay (MIA) was applied. The vaccine confirmed an acceptable safety profile previously shown in a first-in-human clinical study. After stimulation with both fusions, the highest median level of INF-γ was detected on day 21. The GamTBvac vaccine induced antigen-specific interferon-gamma release, Th1 cytokine-expressing CD4+ T-cells, and IgG responses and results support further clinical testing of GamTBvac. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Falling of a quantum particle in an inverse square attractive potential

Evolution of a quantum particle in an inverse square potential is studied by analysis of the equation of motion for 〈r2〉. In such a way we identify the conditions of falling of a particle into the center. We demonstrate the existence of a purely quantum limit of falling, namely, a particle does not fall, when the coupling constant is smaller than a certain critical value. Also the time of falling of a particle into the center is estimated. Although there are no stationary energy levels for this potential, we show that there are quasi-stationary states which evolve with 〈r2〉 being constant in time. Our results are compared with measurements of neutral atoms falling in the electric field of a charged wire. Modifications of the experiment, which may help in observing quantum limit of falling, are proposed