Nanoparticles for Applications in Cellular Imaging

In the following review we discuss several types of nanoparticles (such as TiO2, quantum dots, and gold nanoparticles) and their impact on the ability to image biological components in fixed cells. The review also discusses factors influencing nanoparticle imaging and uptake in live cells in vitro. Due to their unique size-dependent properties nanoparticles offer numerous advantages over traditional dyes and proteins. For example, the photostability, narrow emission peak, and ability to rationally modify both the size and surface chemistry of Quantum Dots allow for simultaneous analyses of multiple targets within the same cell. On the other hand, the surface characteristics of nanometer sized TiO2allow efficient conjugation to nucleic acids which enables their retention in specific subcellular compartments. We discuss cellular uptake mechanisms for the internalization of nanoparticles and studies showing the influence of nanoparticle size and charge and the cell type targeted on nanoparticle uptake. The predominant nanoparticle uptake mechanisms include clathrin-dependent mechanisms, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis

The energy spectrum of cosmic rays beyond the turn-down around 10^17 eV as measured with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present a measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum above 100 PeV using the part of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory that has a spacing of 750 m. An inflection of the spectrum is observed, confirming the presence of the so-called second-knee feature. The spectrum is then combined with that of the 1500 m array to produce a single measurement of the flux, linking this spectral feature with the three additional breaks at the highest energies. The combined spectrum, with an energy scale set calorimetrically via fluorescence telescopes and using a single detector type, results in the most statistically and systematically precise measurement of spectral breaks yet obtained. These measurements are critical for furthering our understanding of the highest energy cosmic rays

Reconstruction of events recorded with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Cosmic rays arriving at Earth collide with the upper parts of the atmosphere, thereby inducing extensive air showers. When secondary particles from the cascade arrive at the ground, they are measured by surface detector arrays. We describe the methods applied to the measurements of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory to reconstruct events with zenith angles less than 60o using the timing and signal information recorded using the water-Cherenkov detector stations. In addition, we assess the accuracy of these methods in reconstructing the arrival directions of the primary cosmic ray particles and the sizes of the induced showers

VACCINATION AGAINST HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION: A SAFE SOLUTION TO THE GLOBAL PROBLEM

The problem of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), in recent years has become more urgent, not only for physicians, scientists, but also for patients. This is due to the high contagiousness of HPV, its prevalence and, of course, proved oncogenicity. Creation and introduction of preventive vaccines against the most common HPV types played a definite role in the global health, and, of course, raised the attention of doctors and the public to human papillomavirus infection and associated diseases. At the same time propaganda against vaccination blocks the widespread adoption of this disease prevention in our country. In this paper, we introduce the American experience of monitoring vaccination adverse events.Key words: human papillomavirus infection, prevention, vaccination, adverse events, monitoring, children

VACCINATION AGAINST HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION: A SAFE SOLUTION TO THE GLOBAL PROBLEM

The problem of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), in recent years has become more urgent, not only for physicians, scientists, but also for patients. This is due to the high contagiousness of HPV, its prevalence and, of course, proved oncogenicity. Creation and introduction of preventive vaccines against the most common HPV types played a definite role in the global health, and, of course, raised the attention of doctors and the public to human papillomavirus infection and associated diseases. At the same time propaganda against vaccination blocks the widespread adoption of this disease prevention in our country. In this paper, we introduce the American experience of monitoring vaccination adverse events.Key words: human papillomavirus infection, prevention, vaccination, adverse events, monitoring, children

Determining the rational parameters of the component parts of roasting machine carriages taking into account the connection between their temperature fields

22.00; Translated from Russian (Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Chern. Metall. 1986 (6) p. 141-144)SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:9022.06(BISI--25316)T / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

The protoadamantane radical cation

DFT (B3LYP) and MP2 computations with a 6-31G* basis set show that a unique protoadamantane radical cation (1·+) structure with an elongated, half-broken C6-H bond prevails both in the gas phase and in solution. This is in agreement with the observed regioselectivity of the single electron-transfer oxidation of protoadamantane (1) with photoexcited 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene, which only gives 5-(6-protoadamantyl)-1,2,4-tricyanobenzene (5), for which the X-ray crystal structure is reported. The regioselectivities for the functionalizations of 1 with electrophiles support this oxidation pathway. The H-coupled electron-transfer mechanism recently proposed for the C-H activation of alkanes with electrophilic oxidizers explains the high C6 positional selectivities in the functionalization of 1 in electrophilic media

The protoadamantane radical cation

DFT (B3LYP) and MP2 computations with a 6-31G* basis set show that a unique protoadamantane radical cation (1·+) structure with an elongated, half-broken C6-H bond prevails both in the gas phase and in solution. This is in agreement with the observed regioselectivity of the single electron-transfer oxidation of protoadamantane (1) with photoexcited 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene, which only gives 5-(6-protoadamantyl)-1,2,4-tricyanobenzene (5), for which the X-ray crystal structure is reported. The regioselectivities for the functionalizations of 1 with electrophiles support this oxidation pathway. The H-coupled electron-transfer mechanism recently proposed for the C-H activation of alkanes with electrophilic oxidizers explains the high C6 positional selectivities in the functionalization of 1 in electrophilic media

ВАКЦИНАЦИЯ ПРОТИВ ПАПИЛЛОМАВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ: БЕЗОПАСНОЕ РЕШЕНИЕ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЙ ПРОБЛЕМЫ

The problem of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), in recent years has become more urgent, not only for physicians, scientists, but also for patients. This is due to the high contagiousness of HPV, its prevalence and, of course, proved oncogenicity. Creation and introduction of preventive vaccines against the most common HPV types played a definite role in the global health, and, of course, raised the attention of doctors and the public to human papillomavirus infection and associated diseases. At the same time propaganda against vaccination blocks the widespread adoption of this disease prevention in our country. In this paper, we introduce the American experience of monitoring vaccination adverse events.Key words: human papillomavirus infection, prevention, vaccination, adverse events, monitoring, children.Проблема диагностики, профилактики и лечения заболеваний, обусловленных вирусами папилломы человека (ВПЧ), в последние годы становится все актуальнее не только для врачей, ученых, но и для пациентов. Это объясняется высокой контагиозностью ВПЧ, их широкой распространенностью и, конечно, доказанной онкогенностью. Создание и внедрение в практику профилактических вакцин против наиболее распространенных типов ВПЧ сыграло определенную роль в мировом здравоохранении и, безусловно, повысило внимание врачей и общественности к папилломавирусной инфекции и ассоциированным с ней заболеваниям. В то же время антипрививочная пропаганда пре- пятствует широкому внедрению профилактики данной патологии в нашей стране. В данной статье авторы знакомят с американским опытом контроля над нежелательными явлениями вакцинации. Ключевые слова: папилломавирусная инфекция, профилактика, вакцинация, нежелательные явления, контроль, дети. (Педиатрическая фармакология. — 2011; 8 (4): 82–86