Nanoparticles for Applications in Cellular Imaging

In the following review we discuss several types of nanoparticles (such as TiO2, quantum dots, and gold nanoparticles) and their impact on the ability to image biological components in fixed cells. The review also discusses factors influencing nanoparticle imaging and uptake in live cells in vitro. Due to their unique size-dependent properties nanoparticles offer numerous advantages over traditional dyes and proteins. For example, the photostability, narrow emission peak, and ability to rationally modify both the size and surface chemistry of Quantum Dots allow for simultaneous analyses of multiple targets within the same cell. On the other hand, the surface characteristics of nanometer sized TiO2allow efficient conjugation to nucleic acids which enables their retention in specific subcellular compartments. We discuss cellular uptake mechanisms for the internalization of nanoparticles and studies showing the influence of nanoparticle size and charge and the cell type targeted on nanoparticle uptake. The predominant nanoparticle uptake mechanisms include clathrin-dependent mechanisms, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis

The energy spectrum of cosmic rays beyond the turn-down around 10^17 eV as measured with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present a measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum above 100 PeV using the part of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory that has a spacing of 750 m. An inflection of the spectrum is observed, confirming the presence of the so-called second-knee feature. The spectrum is then combined with that of the 1500 m array to produce a single measurement of the flux, linking this spectral feature with the three additional breaks at the highest energies. The combined spectrum, with an energy scale set calorimetrically via fluorescence telescopes and using a single detector type, results in the most statistically and systematically precise measurement of spectral breaks yet obtained. These measurements are critical for furthering our understanding of the highest energy cosmic rays

Reconstruction of events recorded with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Cosmic rays arriving at Earth collide with the upper parts of the atmosphere, thereby inducing extensive air showers. When secondary particles from the cascade arrive at the ground, they are measured by surface detector arrays. We describe the methods applied to the measurements of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory to reconstruct events with zenith angles less than 60o using the timing and signal information recorded using the water-Cherenkov detector stations. In addition, we assess the accuracy of these methods in reconstructing the arrival directions of the primary cosmic ray particles and the sizes of the induced showers

VACCINATION AGAINST HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION: A SAFE SOLUTION TO THE GLOBAL PROBLEM

The problem of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), in recent years has become more urgent, not only for physicians, scientists, but also for patients. This is due to the high contagiousness of HPV, its prevalence and, of course, proved oncogenicity. Creation and introduction of preventive vaccines against the most common HPV types played a definite role in the global health, and, of course, raised the attention of doctors and the public to human papillomavirus infection and associated diseases. At the same time propaganda against vaccination blocks the widespread adoption of this disease prevention in our country. In this paper, we introduce the American experience of monitoring vaccination adverse events.Key words: human papillomavirus infection, prevention, vaccination, adverse events, monitoring, children

VACCINATION AGAINST HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION: A SAFE SOLUTION TO THE GLOBAL PROBLEM

The problem of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), in recent years has become more urgent, not only for physicians, scientists, but also for patients. This is due to the high contagiousness of HPV, its prevalence and, of course, proved oncogenicity. Creation and introduction of preventive vaccines against the most common HPV types played a definite role in the global health, and, of course, raised the attention of doctors and the public to human papillomavirus infection and associated diseases. At the same time propaganda against vaccination blocks the widespread adoption of this disease prevention in our country. In this paper, we introduce the American experience of monitoring vaccination adverse events.Key words: human papillomavirus infection, prevention, vaccination, adverse events, monitoring, children

Synthesis of a Boost Converter for a Load Simulator of Autonomous Objects Power Supply Systems

Юдинцев Антон Геннадьевич, канд. техн. наук, директор, Научно-исследовательский институт автоматики и электромеханики Томского государственного университета систем управления и радиоэлектроники, г. Томск; [email protected]. Ткаченко Александр Александрович, канд. техн. наук, заведующий информационно-техническим отделом, Научно-исследовательский институт автоматики и электромеханики Томского государственного университета систем управления и радиоэлектроники, г. Томск; [email protected]. Ляпунов Данил Юрьевич, канд. техн. наук, доцент Отделения электроэнергетики и электротехники Инженерной школы энергетики, Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет; старший научный сотрудник сектора надёжности, Научно-исследовательский институт автоматики и электромеханики Томского государственного университета систем управления и радиоэлектроники, г. Томск; [email protected]. A.G. Yudintsev1, [email protected], A.A. Tkachenko1, [email protected], D.Yu. Lyapunov1, 2, [email protected] 1 Research Institute of Automation and Electromechanics of Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Tomsk, Russian Federation, 2 Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian FederationСтатья посвящена синтезу повышающего преобразователя для имитатора, предназначенного для формирования нагрузок систем электроснабжения автономных объектов на основании математического описания преобразователя в виде системы дифференциальных уравнений. Выведены уравнения, позволяющие построить модель повышающего преобразователя, совмещающую силовую часть и систему управления и предназначенную для описания электромагнитных и информационных процессов в устройстве и применения в составе системы управления в качестве цифрового модуля. Модель преобразователя реализована в среде MATLAB Simulink в виде структурной схемы и может быть использована как непрерывная усреднённая, так и дискретная в зависимости от подаваемого на её вход управляющего сигнала – непрерывного или импульсного периодического с определённым значением скважности импульсов. Непрерывная усреднённая модель применяется для цифрового синтеза преобразователя, а дискретная – для проверки и испытаний повышающего преобразователя имитатора нагрузки. На основании построенной структурной схемы выведена передаточная функция преобразователя по его входному току с переменными параметрами, зависящими от скважности. Разработанный повышающий преобразователь обеспечивает ток нагрузки до 360 А с коэффициентом пульсаций входного тока, не превышаю- щим 0,6 %. Результаты исследований могут представлять интерес для специалистов в области силовой электроники, систем электроснабжения автономных объектов и систем управления. The paper deals with the synthesis of a boost converter for a simulator designed to form loads of power supply systems of autonomous objects based on the converter mathematical description in the form of a differential equations system. Equations that allow building a model of a boost converter that combines the power part and the control system are derived. This model describes the electromagnetic and information processes within the device and is implemented as a digital module within the control system of the converter. A block diagram of the model in MATLAB Simulink can be implemented as both continuous averaged and discrete. This depends on the control signal applied to the model input, i.e. continuous or pulse periodic with duty ratio D.The continuous averaged model is used for the digital synthesis of the converter, whereas discrete is employed to test the boost converter of the load simulator. A current transfer function of the converter with variable parameters depending on the duty ratio is derived. The developed boost converter provides the load current of up to 360 A. The ripple coefficient of the input current is under 0,6 %. The research results may be of interest to specialists in the field of power electronics, power supply systems of autonomous objects and control systems.Работа выполнялась в рамках проекта FEWM- 2020-0046 «Фундаментальные основы и методология создания высокоэффективного энергопреобразования для систем космического и морского назначения на базе интеллектуальных силовых модулей сверхвысокой степени интеграции». The research was carried out within the project FEWM-2020-0046 “Fundamentals and methodology for designing of a highly efficient energy conversion technique for space and marine systems based on intelligent power modules of an ultra-high degree of integration”

Determining the rational parameters of the component parts of roasting machine carriages taking into account the connection between their temperature fields

22.00; Translated from Russian (Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Chern. Metall. 1986 (6) p. 141-144)SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:9022.06(BISI--25316)T / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

The protoadamantane radical cation

DFT (B3LYP) and MP2 computations with a 6-31G* basis set show that a unique protoadamantane radical cation (1·+) structure with an elongated, half-broken C6-H bond prevails both in the gas phase and in solution. This is in agreement with the observed regioselectivity of the single electron-transfer oxidation of protoadamantane (1) with photoexcited 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene, which only gives 5-(6-protoadamantyl)-1,2,4-tricyanobenzene (5), for which the X-ray crystal structure is reported. The regioselectivities for the functionalizations of 1 with electrophiles support this oxidation pathway. The H-coupled electron-transfer mechanism recently proposed for the C-H activation of alkanes with electrophilic oxidizers explains the high C6 positional selectivities in the functionalization of 1 in electrophilic media

The protoadamantane radical cation

DFT (B3LYP) and MP2 computations with a 6-31G* basis set show that a unique protoadamantane radical cation (1·+) structure with an elongated, half-broken C6-H bond prevails both in the gas phase and in solution. This is in agreement with the observed regioselectivity of the single electron-transfer oxidation of protoadamantane (1) with photoexcited 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene, which only gives 5-(6-protoadamantyl)-1,2,4-tricyanobenzene (5), for which the X-ray crystal structure is reported. The regioselectivities for the functionalizations of 1 with electrophiles support this oxidation pathway. The H-coupled electron-transfer mechanism recently proposed for the C-H activation of alkanes with electrophilic oxidizers explains the high C6 positional selectivities in the functionalization of 1 in electrophilic media