COMPARATIVE REPELLENCY DURATION OF CITRONELLA OIL LOTION (Cymbopogon nardus L.) BETWEEN Culex sp. WITH Aedes sp. AS LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS VECTOR

Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito borne disease, transmitted by mosquitoes such as Culex, Anopheles, Aedes, Mansonia. Filariasis infection resulting in disability. The important method to avoid being bitten from mosquitoes is by using a repellent. The purpose of this study were to compare repellency duration of citronella oil lotion against Culex sp. to Aedes sp. and to compare its repellency duration to N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Laboratory experimental design was conducted at each of five men as subjects using five randomly treatments: 20%, 40% citronella oil lotion (COL), lotion base (negative control), 12.5% DEET lotion with one-day time lag. Repellency duration, since the forearm was inserted into the cage until first mosquito land, was assessed using female Culex sp. and Aedes sp, according to modification of Fradin and Day method. Repellency duration was analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD followed by paired t-test level of significance with a=0.05 level of significance at p<0.05. There were highly significant differences (p<0.01) between average repellency duration (minute) of 20%, 40%, 80% COL against Culex sp. and 40%, 80% against Aedes sp. compared to 12.5% DEET. It was concluded that citronella oil lotion was more effective to Culex sp. than that of Aedes sp. Nevertheless the potency of citronella oil lotion was weaker than 12.5% DEET.Key word: lotion citronelle oil, Culex sp., Aedes sp., Filariasi

Anthelmintic Effect Of Ethanol Extract Of Pare Leaf (Momordica Charantia L.) Against Female Ascaris Suum Worm In Vitro

Ascariasis is word wide, most common intestinal worm infection. It is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical climates, developing areas with poor sanitation and poor hygiene. More than 807 million people are infected with ascariasis and more than 60.000 die from the disease annually. Ascariasis could be prevented by maintaining environment sanitary and treatment as well as pharmacotherapy using synthetic drugs or traditional medicine as alternative, one of them is pare leaf (Momordica charantia L.).Objective to know the anthelmintic effect of ethanol extract of pare leaf (EEPL) on Ascaris suum in vitro. Methods This research is a real experimental, using the complete randomized design (CRD), comparative test. Measured data is the numbers and mean percentage of paralyzed / dead worms after treated with EEPL 10%,20%,40%, NaCl0,9% (control), and Pyrantel pamoate (comparator) and incubated in 37o C for 3 hours. Numbers of paralyzed / dead worms was analyzed with ANOVA method, continued by Tukey HSD with α = 0.05 using computer program. Significant result is based on p < 0.05. Result of this research were numbers and mean percentage of paralyzed / dead worms after treated with EEPL 10%, 20%, and 40% which have been incubated for 3 hours are 75.33%, 82.67% dan 88.00.%. This result have a very significant difference compared to group treated with NaCl 0.9% (p < 0.01). Conclusion: ethanol extract of pare leaf has an anthelmintic effect againts Ascaris suum in vitro

HISTOLOGICAL EFFECT OPTIMIZATION COMBINATION OF BACILLUS SPHAERICUS 2362 AND BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSP. ISRAELENSIS IN MIDGUT OF CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS RESISTANCE

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of the study was to analyze pore‑forming at Culex quinquefasciatus resistant larvae midgut and analyze optimization ratioafter treatment using combination Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) 2362.Methods: This research was an experimental study. C. quinquefasciatus larvae were divided into 10 groups. The Group I until VII had treatment bythe various concentration of combination Bti and Bs 2362, treatment Group VIII as a positive control, Group IX as a negative control, and Group X asa single Bs 2362. All of the treatment groups were examined for the histological effect of C. quinquefasciatus larvae midgut by hematoxylin eosin. Thelowest lethal concentration 50% (LCResults: The lowest LC5050) was a standard optimization ratio of combination Bti and Bs 2362. LC50 was analyzed by probit. was 2.274 part a million (ppm) at Group I was the optimization ratio. Various combination treatments Group I until VII wereshown pores at C. quinquefasciatus larvae midgut after treatment by a combination of Bti and Bs 2362.Conclusion: Combination of Bti and Bs 2362 was shown pores at C. quinquefasciatus larvae midgut, and optimization ratio was shown in Group I.Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus 2362, Culex quinquefasciatus midgut

Potency of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract and curcumin as anti-obesity by inhibiting the cholesterol and triglycerides synthesis in HepG2 cells

Background: Adipocytes accumulate triacylglycerol when excessive food consumption. Adipocyte dysfunction plays an important role in the obesity development. People with a body weight 40 % heavier than the average body weight population at risk of death two times greater than the average body weight. The use of anti-obesity drugs have many side effects, so it is necessary to find the anti-obesity drug with low toxicity. This ex vivo study was conducted to determine the activity of C. longa L. extract in inhibiting triglycerides and cholesterol synthesis and lipid droplet formation on HepG2 cells compared to curcumin.Methods: Anti-obesity activity includes reduced formation of lipid droplet in HepG2 cells can be observed using oil red O staining method. The measurement of triglyceride level was performed according to Randox protocol using Randox TR 210 assay kit. Lipolytic activity by measuring cholesterol levels was performed based on Randox CH 200 kits.Results: This study suggested that the extract of C. longa L. and curcumin have potential anti-obesity compounds. C. longa L. extract have higher activity in inhibiting triglycerides and cholesterol synthesis compared to curcumin with inhibition activities 70.43% and 66.38% respectively in the highest concentration.Conclusion: The C. longa extract posses the anti-adipogenesis potential on inhibiting the synthesis of triglycerides and cholesterol and lipid droplet formation in HepG2 cell as anti-obesity parameters better than curcumin.

Potential of Clitoria ternatea L. Extract Towards Insulin Receptor Expression and Marker of Inflammation in Diabetes Mellitus Rats Model

Metabolic abnormalities caused by the accumulation of human, environmental, genetic and lifestyle variables can be found in diabetes mellitus (DM). An increase in blood glucose carried on by a reduction in insulin production can also result in DM. Insulin resistance often occurs as a result of obesity and a lack of physical activity and aging. Telang flower extract (Clitoria ternatea L.) is reported to have several qualities such as being able to treat DM, chronic bronchitis, goiter, mucosal disorders and leprosy. This study’s objective was to elucidate anti-dibetic effect of C. ternatea extract (CTE) in rats with diabetic complications related to dyslipidemia. Rats suffering from diabetes will be examined after being given oral doses of Simvastatin 0.9 mg/kg BW, Glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kg BW, and 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW CTE, model induced by streptozotocin. The expression of the insulin gene (INS-1) was investigated by qRTPCR, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) pancreatic DM rats model using the Immunohistochemistry (IHC) test. Both descriptive and quantitative data were acquired for the data. After utilizing ANOVA to evaluate quantitative data, the Tukey post hoc test was used to analyze the data, the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was found to decrease while INS-1 expression increased in response to CTE. This effect was attributed to the modulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, and INS-1 expression. These findings suggest that CTE possesses antidiabetic properties

The Effectivity of Infusa of Beluntas Herb (Pluchea Indica L.) as a Larvicide Against Aedes SP

Introduction: Mosquito is one of the dangerous insects in the world, because it can be the vector of many disease. Controlling mosquito population by using natural or synthetic larvicide and insecticide were quite importance. The study of natural larvicied mre popular because the saver effect to environment, also effective in eradicating the mosquito. Larvicide is a insecticied which acts as to kill larvae. A insecticide sintetic have to side-effect to environment, because of that necessary to develop biolarvacide like beluntas herb (Pluchea indica L).Objective: to know the effectivity of beluntas herb (Pluchea indica L) as a larvicide to Aedes sp mosquito.Methods: This research design was true experimental with Complete Random Sampling, comparatively. The experiment used 630 Aedes sp mosquito larvae. Larvae were divided itno 7 groups. The first group was treated with aquadest (negative conrtol), second group treated with temephos 1% (positive control) and then continuously treated with 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40% dose of beluntas herb infusion. Observed data was the number of life larvae which is counted after 24 hours. The data was analyzed using variant analysis (one way ANOVA) then continued with different test mean of LSD.Result: the study showed that the 25%, 30%, and 40% beluntas herb infusion were significantly different if it was compared to control negative (aquades) with p<0,01 respectively.Conclusion: Beluntas herb infusion had a larvicide effect

Protective effect of yacon leaves extract (Smallanthus sonchifolius(Poepp.) H. Rob) through antifibrosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant mechanisms toward diabetic nephropathy

Background and purpose: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic kidney failure, which may lead to fatality. Mesangial cell proliferation, renal inflammation, stress oxidative, and fibrosis are involved in DN progression. Yacon leaves (Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. Rob.) contains large amounts of phenolic compounds and it has the ability to inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Considering the potential of yacon leaves extract (YLE), it may be used for DN treatment. This research aimed to elucidate YLE’s potential as anti-DN through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrosis mechanisms. Experimental approach: Mesangial cells were induced by glucose 20 mM for 5 days and treated with YLE concentrations as much as 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL. TGF-β1, TNF-α, and MDA levels were measured using the ELISA method. SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and SMAD7 gene expressions were analyzed using the qRT-PCR method. Findings/Results: YLE at 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL could reduce the levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α, and MDA compared with the DN cells model. YLE could reduce gene expressions of SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4 and increase SMAD7 expression. Conclusion and implications: YLE potentially mitigated diabetic nephropathy through antifibrosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capacities

Quercetin prevents chronic kidney disease on mesangial cells model by regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and TGF-β1/SMADs pathway

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) happens due to decreasing kidney function. Inflammation and oxidative stress have been shown to result in the progression of CKD. Quercetin is widely known to have various bioactivities including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Objective To evaluate the activity of quercetin to inhibit inflammation, stress oxidative, and fibrosis on CKD cells model (mouse mesangial cells induced by glucose). Methods and Material The SV40 MES 13 cells were plated in a 6-well plate with cell density at 5,000 cells/well. The medium had been substituted for 3 days with a glucose-induced medium with a concentration of 20 mM. Quercetin was added with 50, 10, and 5 µg/mL concentrations. The negative control was the untreated cell. The levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α, and MDA were determined using ELISA KIT. The gene expressions of the SMAD7, SMAD3, SMAD2, and SMAD4 were analyzed using qRT-PCR. Results Glucose can lead to an increase in inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, TGF-β1, MDA as well as the expressions of the SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and a decrease in SMAD7. Quercetin caused the reduction of TNF-α, TGF-β1, MDA as well as the expression of the SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and increased SMAD7. Conclusion Quercetin has anti-inflammation, antioxidant, antifibrosis activity in the CKD cells model. Thus, quercetin is a promising substance for CKD therapy and further research is needed to prove this in CKD animal model

Herb For Diabetes

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the disease of aging attributed to chronic inflammation is characterized by increasing blood glucose levels, usually with increasing free radical that can damage pancreas which can be neutralized by antioxidant. Some medicinal plants, have antioxidant effect and have been used empirically by community for controlling blood sugar in Diabetes patient.Objective: to know hypoglycemic effect of water extract of Andrographis paniculata Nees, Morinda citrifolia Linn, Strobilanthes crispus Bl, Aloe vera L, Persea americana Mill, Orthosiphon spicatus Backer, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl on mice as diabetes animal model.Method: The research design was prospective comparative true experimental using complete random design. The method was diabetic test in alloxan (120 mg/kg bwt, i.v) induced Swiss Webster diabetic mice that given the variation herbs water extract with oral administration and glibenclamide as long as 7 days Data measured are blood glucose levels/BGL (mg/dL) after allloxan induced and after the treatment. Percentage in lowering blood glucose levels data analyzed used ANOVA on ranks continued by Dunnett's Multiple Comparisons, a=0.04 .Result: There is lowering BGL after treatment with Andrographis paniculata Nees (29.33%), Morinda citrifolia Linn (15.50%), Strobilanthes crispus Bl (12.50%), Aloe vera L (40,46%), Persea americana Mill (44,44%), Orhtosiphon spicatus Backer (43.34%), Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boefl (34.51%) that is significantly difference compared to negative control (-1.58%) (p<0,05).Conclusion: Andrographis paniculata Nees, Morinda citrifolia Linn, Strobilanthes crispus Bl, Aloe vera L, Persea americana Mill, Orthosiphon spicatus Backer, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl have hypoglycemic effect on alloxan induced Swiss Webster mice